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ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM
ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY
OCCASIONAL PAPER 26
•
TUYLER YOUNG, JR
IUIS D. LEVINE
Excavations of the
Godin Project:
Second Progress Report
ROYALONTARIO MUSEUM LIBRARIES
31761 04313 4071
Occasional Paper 26
ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM
ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY
T
LOUIS
oSTle™' JR " Excavations of the
Go din Project:
Second Progress Report
With appendices by
Carol Hamlin and Isobel Heathcote
ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM
Art and Archaeology Editorial Board
R. L. Peterson, Chairman
D. M. Pendergast, Editor
V. Gervers-Molnar, Associate Editor
T. Cuyler Young, Jr., Associate Editor
t. cuyler young, jr., is Curator of the West Asian Department of the Royal
Ontario Museum, and Director of the Godin Project.
louis d. levine is Assistant Curator in the West Asian Department of the
Royal Ontario Museum, and Director of the excavations at Seh Gabi.
price: $4.50
Publication date: 15 March 1974
©The Royal Ontario Museum, 1974
ISBN 0-88854-019-1
Printed at Hunter Rose
To
Sarra, Katherine, Bridget,
Samuel and Timothy
The frequently fatherless five
Contents
List of Figures, vii
List of Plates, ix
Abbreviations, xi
Preface, xiii
Seh Gabi
Introduction, 1
The Dalma Period, 2
Architecture, 2
Pottery, 2
Small finds, 4
The Seh Gabi Period, 4
Architecture, 4
Pottery, 6
Small finds, 8
Burials, 10
Mound B Stratigraphy, 1 0
The Godin VII and VI Periods, 1 2
Architecture, 12
Pottery, 12
Small finds, 1 3
Burials, 13
Mounds A, E and F Stratigraphy, 14
The Stratigraphy of Seh Gahi, 14
Godin
Introduction, 16
Periods VII to IV, 17
Period VII, 17
Period VI, 17
Period V, 17
Period IV, 17
Period III, 1 8
Stratification, 1 8
Architecture, 20
Pottery and small finds, 29
Period II, 29
Stratification, 29
Architecture, 30
Pottery and small finds, 35
Conclusions, 37
Appendix A — The Seh Gabi Chipped Stone, Carol Hamlin, 39
Appendix B — The Seh Gabi Osteological Material, Isobel Heathcote, 40
Footnotes, 42
References, 44
Catalogue of Published Objects, 45
Figures, 55
Plates, 139
Figures
1 Central and North Western Iran, 56
2 Contour map of Seh Gabi and environs, 57
3 Seh Gabi, South Section, G20 and G21 , 58
4 Seh Gabi, Mound B, Level Al, architecture, 59
5 Seh Gabi, Mound B, Level A2, architecture, 60
6 Seh Gabi, Mound B, Level B, architecture, 61
7 Seh Gabi, Mound B, Level C, architecture, 62
8 Seh Gabi, Mound B, Level C, detail of wall N, 63
9 Seh Gabi, Dalma painted wares, 64
10 Seh Gabi, Dalma plain and surface manipulated wares, 66
1 1 Seh Gabi, Seh Gabi painted wares, 68
12 Seh Gabi, Seh Gabi plain wares, 70
13 Seh Gabi, Godin VII and VI plain wares, 72
14 Seh Gabi, Godin VI painted wares, 74
15 Seh Gabi, small finds, 76
16 Seh Gabi, burials, 78
17 Contour map of Godin Tepe, 80
18 Godin, South Section, Operations AA2, A2, B2 and C2: the
the Master Section of the Deep Sounding, 81
1 9 Godin, Period IV pottery and small finds, 84
20 Godin, Level III:5D structures, 86
21 Godin, Level IIL4A structures, 87
22 Godin, Level IIL2C structures, 88
23 Godin, Level IIL2A structures, 89
24 Godin, Period III structures, Operations AA9 and AA10, 91
25 Godin, Period III pottery, 92
26 Godin, Period III pottery, 94
27 Godin, Period III pottery, 96
28 Godin, Period III painted pottery, 98
29 Godin. Period III painted pottery, 100
30 Godin, Period III painted pottery, 102
31 Godin, Period III painted pottery, 104
32 Godin, Period III painted pottery, 106
33 Godin, Period III pottery and small finds, 108
34 Godin, Period III small finds, 1 10
35 Godin, Period III small finds, 112
36 Godin, Period III small finds, 114
37 Godin, Period II structure: the fortified manor house, 116
38 Godin, East-West Section across Period II structure, 117
39 Godin, North-South Section across Period II structure, 119
40 Godin, schematic plans of Stages 1 , 2 and 3 in the history
of the Period II structure, 120
41 Godin, schematic plans of Stages 4 and 5 in the history
of the Period II structure, 121
42 Godin, detail plan of stairway and ramp area, Period II structure, 122
43 Godin, Period II structures, Operation AA9, 123
44 Godin, Period II pottery, 124
45 Godin, Period II pottery, 126
46 Godin, Period II pottery, 128
47 Godin, Period II pottery, 130
48 Godin, Period II pottery, 132
49 Godin, Period II pottery, 134
50 Godin, Period II small finds, 136
51 Key to symbols, architectural plans, 138
52 Key to symbols, archaeological sections, 138
Plates
I Seh Gabi, Mound B, about one month after the start of
excavations. Looking west, 141
II Seh Gabi, Mounds A and E as viewed from Mound B
at the start of excavations, 142
III Niche and quern in the main room, Level A, Mound B.
Looking north, 143
IV Plastered feature west of wall D in HI 9, Level A
Mound B, 143
V Eastern end of the main room, Level A, Mound B, showing
the plastered walls and the sling pellets on the floor, 144
VI Sling pellets and red deer antlers in the open area to the
east of the building, Level A, Mound B, 144
VII Level C, Mound B, general view. The curtain wall in the
upper right is wall N, 145
VIII Close up of the corrugated surface of wall N,
Mound B, Level C, 145
IX Mound B, G 20, Burial 5, covered, 146
X Mound B, G 20, Burial 5, uncovered, 146
XI The Godin Citadel Mound viewed from the north
at the close of 1971 field season, 147
XII Close-up of the torso of Burial 1 , Operation A A9 with
arrow imbedded in the spine, 148
XIII Level III:2C, entrance corridor, room 1, with stone threshold
and mud brick benches, 149
XIV Level IIL2C, the hearth and bench structure in room 2
viewed from above, 150
XV Level III: 2 A, clay grain storage bins in room 24, 151
XVI Level III:4A, view southeast down "Avenue Road," 152
XVII Level IIL4A, view north up the alleyways leading to room 5
and courtyard 10, 153
XVIII Level III :4A, view north across area 7, rooms 8 and 9,
alleyway 15, courtyard 10 and the alleyway east of
room 8, 1 53
XIX Level III :4A, skeleton of the body crushed on the stone
pavement in room 23, 154
XX Level III: 4 A, rectangular bin on the mud brick counter
in room 29, 155
XXI Level III: 4 A, general view of room 32 showing the elaborate
hearth against the north wall, 156
XXII Level IIL5D, view from the northeast toward
the doorway of room, 8, 157
XXIII Period II, east face of tower 1 3 cleared back to the remaining
fragment of the original fortification wall running between
towers 13 and 5, 157
XXIV Period II, view of the fortification wall and towers 4 and 1 7
from the river bed, 158
XXV Period II, west face of tower 17 showing curving socle, 159
XXVI Period II, buttress of west side of tower 17 showing
reconstruction at a slightly different alignment from
the original structure, 160
XXVII Period II, arrow slot in the north fortification wall. NB: two
lines of replastering indicating the depth to which debris
had been allowed to accumulate against the wall face, 161
XXVIII Period II, doorway into room 21 with lintel intact, 162
XXIX Period II, view of the south bank of magazines (Stage 3 )
from the Citadel mound to the south, 1 63
XXX Period II, view looking northwest across the massive
southeastern watch towers, rooms 36 and 37, 164
XXXI Period II, stairway in area 43. All but a fragment of the
stairway (upper left) has been cleaned down to the
original first plaster surface, 165
XXXII Period II, "squatter occupation," flimsy stone foundation
of wall in area 45, 166
XXXIII Period II, "squatter occupation," hearth in area 44, 167
Abbreviations
AJA
American Journal of Archaeology.
Bur.
Burial.
D.
Diameter.
Disc.
Discarded.
Ht.
Height.
1LN
Illustrated London News.
JNES
Journal of Near Eastern Studies.
L.
Length.
N.A.
North America.
Op.
Operation.
SAOC
Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations
St.
Stratum.
w.
Width.
NB : Pottery descriptions in the catalogues are given in the following order:
Ware. Ground colour. Paint colour (when applicable). Finish.
Preface
Since the first progress report on the Godin excavations was written we
have completed two more field seasons at Godin Tepe and a first season
at the nearby site of Seh Gabi.1 So it is that we can no longer speak of
simply the Godin Excavations, but find it necessary to use the term Godin
Project to describe the current archaeological research of the ROM in Iran.
As in our earlier report we here keep our text to the absolute minimum
necessary to describe in skeleton fashion the recent excavations. This gives
us more space for illustration, which, at this stage in our research, our
colleagues need more than our still half-baked thoughts. Once again it is
our hope that comments and criticism on these data by others will be
forthcoming so that eventually we shall be able to produce a better final
report on our work.
Naturally, much more material has been left out of this report than out
of the last one. We have done a great deal more digging than at the time
the last report went to press. Thus we have a great deal more data in hand.
We hope, however, that judicious selection has enabled us to give the
reader a fairly complete view of at least the basic types and varieties of
evidence recovered. In the first progress report we were mainly worried
about sins of commission; here we are more concerned about sins of omis-
sion. Either way it seems necessary to sin if we are going to publish these
kinds of reports at all.
Once again it is a pleasure to thank all who have helped us in our
work. H. E. M. Pahlbod, Minister of Art and Culture of the Imperial
Government of Iran; Dr. Firuz Bagherzadeh, Advisor to the Minister; Mr.
A. Pourmand, General Director of the Archaeological Service of Iran; Mr.
M. Khorammabadi, Assistant Director and Dr. Tayyib-Naimi, Director of
Excavations of the Archaeological Service have all taken a kind official
and personal interest in the Godin Project.
Financial support for the excavations has come from several sources:
the Royal Ontario Museum; the Harvie Foundation, Calgary; the Baby-
lonian Collection of Yale University; the Ford Foundation; and the Can-
ada Council.
As the Project has grown in size, so has the staff. The 1969 staff was:
Louis D. Levinc, Assistant Director; Christopher Hamlin, Carol Hamlin,
Irene Winter, Curtiss Hoffman, William Sumner and Harvey Weiss, Site
Supervisors; Claus Breede, Architect; Murray Hadaway, Technician;
Michael Wills, Assistant Technician; and Mrs. William Sumner, Registrar.
In 1971 the Seh Gabi excavation staff was: Carol Hamlin, Assistant Di-
rector; Mary MacDonald, site supervisor; and Dorothy Levine, Registrar.
The Godin excavation staff was: Christopher Hamlin, Assistant Director:
Irene Winter, Stuart Brown, Elizabeth Kidd, Vince Piggott, Harvey Weiss
and Stuart Swinney, site supervisors; and Prudence Young, Registrar. Pro-
ject staff, shared by both excavations, included Claus Breede, Architect;
Romavne Dawncy, Artist; and Peter Mitchell, Technician. All of these
people contributed much. Particular thanks, however, are due to Carol
and Christopher Hamlin, Irene Winter and Harvey Weiss who have all
spent three seasons in the field with us and, by virtue of their investment
of affection and energy in the Project, are practically joint authors of this
report.
As in the past, officials of the Canadian Embassy in Tehran have
assisted the Godin Project in many ways. Not only have our formal con-
tacts with embassy personnel been useful and pleasant, but also the un-
official kindnesses shown to members of the Project staff by these public
servants have done much to make our visits to Iran enjoyable.
Several people have contributed directly to the preparation of this re-
port. Mary MacDonald did much of the preliminary analysis of the Dalma
pottery from Seh Gabi. Claus Breede has prepared the sections, architec-
tural plans, and much of the pottery and small finds for publication. In the
latter work he was assisted by Murray Hadaway. Mr. Breede also acted as
field photographer, and his efforts with the camera have been ably sup-
ported on the home front by Leighton Warren, Royal Ontario Museum
photographer. Terry Wang typed the manuscript and, we are sure, would
be glad if the authors took a refresher course in fourth grade penmanship.
In 1971 our wives and children were able to come with us to the field.
Did they see much more of us than in the years when they had to stay at
home? Whether they noticed us looking or not, we saw a lot more of them,
and that was good.
A great many people are involved in the successes of an archaeological
excavation. Only directors make mistakes.2
T. Cuyler Young, Jr.
Louis D. Levine
Toronto, April 1973
SEH GABI
Introduction
Seh Gabi is basically a late neolithic site located in the saddle between the
Kangavar and Assadabad valleys in central western Iran. The site was
chosen for excavation as part of the Godin Project of the Royal Ontario
Museum with the specific objective of recovering a large, well documented
sample of archaeological material whose date was coincident with or earlier
than the earliest periods of occupation at Godin itself. It was selected after
a re-survey of the Kangavar valley during the summer of 1967, under-
taken at the close of the second season of excavations at Godin as a sup-
plement to the earlier survey of the valley by Young in 1961.* The initial
season of excavations at Seh Gabi was carried out from 29 May to 30
August 1971.
The site of Seh Gabi is some six kilometres northeast of Godin Tepe
(Fig. 1). Presently, one branch of the Gamas Ab river lies about half a
kilometre to the east of the site. In years of average precipitation, this
branch carries water only in the spring. The mounds themselves bear no
local name, and have been designated Seh Gabi after the closest village,
which lies 500 metres to the southeast.
The configuration of Seh Gabi is somewhat different from most sites
in the Zagros. Rather than a single mound with successive strata of occu-
pation and decay, the site consists of a number of small mounds spread
over an area some 550 by 300 metres. Thus, one of the problems faced
in the interpretation of the site is the determination of the sequence of
occupation among the various mounds. This is a problem to which we shall
return later.
For ease of reference we have labelled the mounds with the letters A-F
(Fig. 2). The highest of these is Mound B, which rises about 7 metres
above the present valley floor. (PI. I). It was on this mound that the
major excavation effort centred in 1971. A, E and F, the eastern group of
mounds, although given separate letters, may have originally comprised a
continuous settlement that has since assumed its present configuration
through either natural or human processes ( PI. II).4 Small trial soundings
were conducted in these three mounds. Finally, small soundings were also
made in Mounds C and D. The former yielded no results which we were
able to interpret. The latter produced pottery that was not immediately
identifiable, but which may fall into the late Achaemenid or Parthian
periods.
All of the mounds at Seh Gabi showed signs of having been cultivated,
and, with the exception of A, had been used by the local villagers as
sources for fresh soil to replenish their fields. The position of the resultant
cuts is marked on the topographic map of the site.
Four periods of occupation dating to the late neolithic were found at
Seh Gabi. The periods are for the present defined on the basis of ceramic
typology and stratigraphy and little or no cultural baggage is carried by the
term "period" as it is used here. Of the four, two were defined on Mound
B, and two on the eastern group of A,E, and F. Since the chronological
1
relationships among these are as yet uncertain, the order of our presenta-
tion of the material can be considered somewhat arbitrary.
The Dalma Period (Lower Mound B)
The material deriving from the lower strata on Mound B belongs to the
Dalma ceramic tradition on the basis of comparisons with material defined
at the site of Dalma Tepe, Azerbaijan, by the Hasanlu Project of the Uni-
versity Museum, Philadelphia.5 The material at Seh Gabi comes from a
trench four metres wide along the south balk of Op. G 21.r> The length
of this trench varied, as its open end was defined by one of the peasant
cuts described above, but it was never more than four metres long. At this
point of maximum extent, the trench was approximately level with the sur-
face of the peasant cut. A two metre wide trench continued along this same
south balk for the rest of G 21 and for about 5 metres into G 22. The
G 22 portion of this trench was taken down to virgin soil in arbitrary 20
cm. levels.
ARCHITECTURE
No coherent building plan was defined in the levels dating to the Dalma
period. A number of walls were found, all of them of brick construction.
In general, it was impossible to find the faces of these walls, although they
were clearly distinguishable in section. One point worth noting was the
discovery of what was apparently a very substantial mass of brick just be-
low the surface slump in the western end of the two metre wide test trench
in G 21. The wall, if such it was, was at least two metres wide for as far
as it could be defined.
POTTERY
All Dalma period pottery is hand made. The overwhelming majority is
chaff tempered, and this tempering forms an unbroken continuum from
finely chopped to rather coarse inclusions. It is impossible to separate the
pottery into coarse, medium and fine wares in meaningful terms. In addi-
tion to the chaff tempered wares, a very small percentage of pottery with
heavy grit temper appears in rather coarse, thick walled vessels, and an
even smaller percentage of fine grit or sand tempered wares is also present.
All of the wares are relatively soft, and have an uneven fracture. The fir-
ing varies from thoroughly oxidized cores to cores which still have grey
centres. There is a rough correlation between thoroughness of firing and
thickness of the vessel wall, with the thinner walled vessels more likely to
be thoroughly oxidized.
The pottery can be divided into three groups on the basis of surface
treatment.
1. Plain wares: The majority of the pottery falls into this class, including
all of the grit tempered wares, and most of the chaff tempered ones. In
this category, the surface is a single colour, with any variation the result
of unevenness of firing or of subsequent use (e.g., smoke blackening of
part of the vessel or the like.) All of the vessels in this class appear to
have been slipped, although no microscopic analysis of thin sections has
been made. The slipping falls into two categories: single slipped and double
slipped. The latter always has a red or maroon slip applied over a cream
or white underslip. The single slipped surfaces range in colour from a dark
purple (almost black at times) through a red to a buff. On at least one
sherd, the entire range of colour variation is present, perhaps indicating
that the final colour is not overly significant for purposes of classification.
Single vessels may vary in terms of treatment. Sometimes both of the sur-
faces are double slipped, sometimes both are single slipped, and sometimes
one surface is double slipped while the other is single slipped. In the last
instance, either the inside or the outside may have the double slip.
The surface of the vessel may be further treated by smoothing or burn-
ishing, or it may be left matte. Once again, the treatment of the inside and
outside surfaces of a single vessel may vary, and most combinations are
present.
A representative sample of shapes is presented in Fig. 10. Special note
should be paid, however, to the occurrence of the funnel (Fig. 12, No. 12)
in the Dalma period levels, as well as in the latter Seh Gabi period. This
is one of the distinctive shapes recovered at Dalma Tepe itself.
2. Impressed, punctate, and applique wares (surface manipulated wares):
All of these wares are chaff tempered, and seem to occupy the middle of
the spectrum in terms of tempering coarseness. The surface has been
treated in a number of ways. Fingertips, fingernails, a pointed object (a
sharp stick or bone awl), a comb, a blunt ended instrument or broken
reed, and a small blade have been used to impress or puncture the surface
of the vessel. At times, this is done in a regular manner, with rows of
finger nail impressions, or short diagonal or horizontal strokes made with
a small blade covering the surface; at other times, the manipulation is ran-
dom. With most of the impressed and punctate wares, the manipulation is
dense, and covers the entire exterior of the vessel. Applique wares are rare,
but small elongated knobs running in horizontal bands do occur.
Manipulation is generally restricted to the outside surface and seems
to occur only on pots. The inside of the manipulated vessels is slipped,
either single or double, and the outside of the vessel also appears to have
been slipped before being manipulated. A trait characteristic of the manipu-
lated vessels, although not always present, is a pinched rim (Fig. 10, No. 8).
3. Painted wares: The painted wares are basically a variety of the plain
wares, one or both surfaces of which have been painted. All of the painted
wares are chaff tempered, and for the most part belong to the finer end
of the temper spectrum. The large majority of these wares are painted
only on the outer surface of the vessel, with painting on the inner surface
or on both uncommon. The paint is often applied thickly, so that it actu-
ally stands away from the surface of the vessel, and the colour of the paint
ranges from deep brown to red. The paint can be applied either to the
untreated surface of the vessel, or it can be applied over a cream slip. The
painting covers the entire surface of the vessel, and never seems to be re-
stricted to one area. Most of the vessels are monochrome, but a small per-
centage are bichrome. The colours of the bichrome are red and dark purple
or black on a cream slip. On some of the sherds, the paint is fugitive, but
this may be the result of post-depositional soil conditions, for it is not
usually the case. The motifs are all geometric or "abstract". There are as
yet no naturalistic motifs attested for this assemblage.
The surface of the vessel that is not painted is slipped. When the paint
is applied directly to the body fabric, the other surface is single slipped.
When the paint appears on a cream ground, the other surface is double
slipped, with the outer slip in the red to brown range. It often appears
that the slip and the paint are the same colour, and it may well be that
the same pigment was used for both. The sherds presented in Fig. 9 were
selected at random, and do not reflect relative frequencies of motifs or the
ratio of monochrome to bichrome ware.
SMALL FINDS
A selection of small finds from all periods at Seh Gabi is presented in
Fig. 15. Spindle whorls of type 14 and 16 are present in the Dalma levels.
No. 21, a chlorite ring, was also found in these levels.7 Various other
ground stone objects, quern fragments, flat pallets, and perforated stone
weights are also attested.
The Seh Gabi Period
The material which follows the Dalma period on Mound B, and which
characterizes the occupation of the mound until its abandonment is called
here the Seh Gabi period. Since it is the first time that a complete assem-
blage of this type has been published it is difficult to find a more satis-
factory descriptive term, and so we follow a hoary if somewhat dubious
Near Eastern archaeological tradition of using a type-site name.8
An extensive area of the Seh Gabi period was uncovered on the top
of Mound B. All of squares G 19 and G 20, most of H 19, and parts of
G 18, F 17 and G 21 were opened. All of these, with the exception of
the last two, had material connected with the first level, Level A. In addi-
tion, a 5 x 5 metre square in the southeast corner of G 20 was taken
down below Level A. In it, two further architectural levels, B and C. pro-
duced material dating to the Seh Gabi period.
ARCHITECTURE
Level A (Figs. 4 and 5): The architecture of Level A went through two
phases, labelled Al and A2, with A2 the earlier. There were indications
in the stratigraphic record that still another level of settlement followed
Phase A, but no preserved architectural remains were encountered in this
level.
The structures of Level A2 were only partially decipherable. A three
room house in square G 19 was the best preserved. A long central room
was the focus of the house. It measured approximately 5x2 metres. The
walls, made of bricks 52 x 17 x 7 cm., were originally at least three metres
high, and were covered with white plaster. In the north wall was a niche
and in front of this a semi-circular bin. To the east of the bin on the floor
was a quern (PI. III).
To the south of the main room was a small, partially enclosed porch
area with a scatter of stones on the surface. Along the west wall of this
was a bin-like structure. It is unlikely that this area was roofed. The third
part of the structure consisted of a small room added to the west end of
the principal room described above. Neither the small enclosed area nor
the small room were white plastered. Instead, a mud plaster was used.
To the west of the building was an open area, with a few walls and
scatters of stone that did not form any coherent plan. The stones may have
originally served as a pen, or as the footing of a wall for a circular struc-
ture, if wall F and wall D in G 18 are to be linked. The evidence for this
is as yet inconclusive, as is the stratigraphic position of these stones. There
is some evidence to suggest that they are to be connected with the second
phase of Level A.9 The areas to the south of the porch and to the east of
the building seem to have been undeveloped in this first phase.
To the north of the house a number of walls were found, but we were
unable to make sense of their arrangement. Of note, however, was a curious
feature found to the west of wall D in square H 19 (PI. IV). It consisted
of an irregularly plastered area, 70 x 50 cm., in the centre of which was a
small hole, 9 cm. deep and 1 1 cm. in diameter at the top. Ranged around
this hole were four plastered feet, which were built as an integral part of
the feature. The function of this feature, as well as its location, remain in-
explicable. The area to the north of the building seems to have been an
open one, a fact hardly consistent with the elaborate plastering that was
evident on the feature.
The later phase of Level A, Al, showed few changes from the earlier.
Most noteworthy was the addition of a room to the east of the main house.
This used existing walls for two of its own, and faced onto the open area
to the south. There was no direct access from the house to this new room,
the only entry being the one from the courtyard.
Also dating to the later phase of A was a hearth built up against the
west end of wall J. It consisted of two small thin walls built out from
either side of the pilaster on the end of this wall. Associated with this
hearth were large quantities of bone, pottery and stone.
Two clusters of material dating from this final stage of occupation are
worth nothing. On the floor in the eastern end of the principal room of the
main house a scatter of clay sling pellets and a large quantity of wood
were found (PI. V). A similar scatter of sling pellets together with a frag-
mentary set of red deer antlers were found in the open area to the east
of the room that was added in this phase (PL VI).
Level B (Fig. 6) : The architecture of this level was excavated in only one
restricted area in the southeast quadrant of Op. G 20. The size of the
exposure prevented recovery of any meaningful units. The only points
worth noting are that wall H is a low curtain wall, and that in the corner
formed by walls F and G a large storage pot was found in situ lying on
its side. In this pot were found painted Seh Gabi ware sherds (see below),
including sherd 25, Fig. 11.
Level C (Figs. 7 and 8): Architecture from Level C was encountered in
the southeast quadrant of G 20, and in the southwest quadrant of G 21.
Once again, the small area opened prevented clear understanding of
the walls found. The surface connected with the walls in G 20 appeared
to be an exterior one. It was littered with stones, bone and pottery. Half
of a bovine mandible was found on the surface, as well as a stone mortar
(PI. VII). Of particular note was wall N (Fig. 8 and PL VIII). The north
face of this small curtain wall had a corrugated effect, with the raised
portions covered with a white powdery substance. This may be the result
of wooden sticks having been set against the face of the wall, and then the
entire surface covered with something, perhaps a reed mat or a rug, which
produced the white powder. The decay of the wood would account for the
absence of the white in the corrugations. At one point on the wall, a rather,
wide band of white seemed to have a circle that was not covered with the
powder. The reason for this is unclear.
POTTERY
The following remarks on the pottery of the Seh Gabi period are of a
preliminary nature. No attempt has been made to be definitive, and the
types described are only those that occur with some frequency. The as-
semblage contains many new features not present in the earlier Dalma
period pottery, as well as some that might be considered derivative from
that earlier assemblage.
Once again, surface treatment seems to be the most convenient way
of grouping the wares, although it does not work as well as it did with
the Dalma material. There is considerable range in fabric in this period,
but it seems to have some correlation with surface treatment, and there-
fore will be discussed in terms of varieties so defined.
1. Plain wares (Fig. 12) : There are a number of types of plain ware pres-
ent in this assemblage. All but one are hand-made.
a. Red wares: These are all of medium coarse to heavy coarse fabric,
with chaff and/or grit inclusions. In general, the heavier the vessel
body, the more likely that there will be grit inclusions. These are often
but not exclusively large chips of shale (1-2 cm.) in the very thick
vessels. The medium coarse vessels are usually chaff tempered. In
none of these vessels is the fracture even, but as the vessel becomes
coarser, the fracture becomes more uneven. Most of the vessels ap-
pear to be slipped, but this slip has not been microscopically exam-
ined, and it is not clear if it is a self slip. On the finer vessels, how-
ever, it appears to have been intentionally added. The colour of the
slip ranges from a red to a very dark grey red. The surface is often
highly burnished, especially on the finer vessels. The coarse ones are
sometimes only smoothed. The core of the vessels is tan to orange,
and usually not thoroughly oxidized. The finer the vessel, the more
likely that oxidation is complete. This pottery forms the single largest
class in the assemblage.
b. Light weight buff ware: This pottery is very heavily chaff tempered
and extremely light in weight. It is very friable. The edges of the
sherds can be broken off with the fingers. The core is thoroughly
oxidized. The fabric is yellow buff in colour, with a matte surface,
sometimes smoothed. Occasionally, a thin red wash is applied, but
it is streaky and does not cover the entire surface. At times, this ware
or one closely resembling it is cream slipped. This cream slipped
variety seems to be somewhat denser than the unslipped variety.
c. Fine buff wares: A small group of fine buff wares, identical with the
painted Seh Gabi wares, is present in this assemblage. For a de-
scription of the ware, see 2, below.
d. Dalma plain wares: A small percentage of the plain wares is clearly
part of the Dalma assemblage. They may however derive from earlier
levels of the site, and may be in a secondary context not properly
part of the Seh Gabi period assemblage. Note, however, the continuing
use of the funnel (Fig. 12, No. 12) mentioned above.
2. Painted wares (Fig. 11): Aside from a very small percentage of Dalma
painted wares, many of which are badly worn and may derive from brick-
work or fill, all of the painted wares form a single, distinctive group.
The ware is usually wheel made. It is lightly tempered with chaff and
small grits, with occasional large grits. The clay is dense and fine, the core
usually fully oxidized and the break straight and clean. The surface is al-
ways matte, and ranges in colour from a buff or cream to a grayish green.
There are rare examples in pinkish buff. The vessel thickness is usually
uniform on a given sherd. The paint is thickly applied, and confined to
the upper half of the vessel. It is always on the outside surface. The colour
of the paint in almost all cases is jet black, and it is usually vitrified and
shiny. There is a tendency for the paint to flake off. Geometric designs are
the rule, but some naturalistic motifs occur as well. This pottery is often
overfired.
3. Impressed wares: As with the painted wares, a small percentage of
Dalma manipulated wares occurs, but the sherds may, as was the case
with the Dalma plain and painted wares, be from fill or brickwork. There
are, however, some fingertip impressed wares present which are part of the
Seh Gabi period assemblage. These are impressed more sparsely than the
Dalma fingertip impressed wares, and the impressions arc not as deep. The
impressions often occur only on the bottom of large, flat-based trays with
low walls. In general, the fabric of the impressed wares is like that of the
coarser red slipped wares, but occasionally like that of the denser cream
slipped buff wares.
SMALL FINDS
A selection of small finds from all periods is presented on Fig. 15.
1. Ground stone: A large number of ground stone tools were found, many
in debris where they were being reused as part of a general collection of
stones, some worked and some unworked. The ground stone tools can be
divided into a number of categories according to form (and function?).
a. Grinding implements: Querns and quern fragments were frequent in
the Seh Gabi period levels. As indicated above, an almost complete
example was found in situ in the main room in Level A. In general,
the querns are either plano-concave in section or are concave convex.
From the preserved fragments, most seem to be roughly rectangular,
but often they are trapezoidal or even triangular in shape.
The standard grindstone used with these querns was a plano-
convex one, with the flat surface often trending to a slightly con-
vexity, probably from use, as it was this surface that was used for
grinding. The general outline of these grindstones was that of a long
rectangle with rounded ends.
A number of fist-size pebbles also appear to have been used for
grinding. It is not clear on which sort of quern these were used.
Finally, many stones of assorted shapes have small depressions
in them. These are often polished to a sheen, and were it not for the
fact that they occur in great quantities and rarely in situ, they might
be called door sockets. Often, the two surfaces of the stone contain
opposing depressions of this sort, but they are not worn through to
form a hole. The use of these stones is unclear.
A number of small pallets occur, as do small pestles. In one or
two cases, traces of red pigment were found on the pestles. The pal-
lets are flat or have a slight depression, and are often ground very
smooth (Fig. 15. No. 17). The pestles are usually truncated cones,
with the bottom of the cone the working surface (Fig. 15, No. 18).
Small quantities of red ochre were found in the Seh Gabi period
deposit, perhaps indicating, in conjunction with the traces on the
pestles, that the pallets and pestles were used for grinding pigments.
b. Pounding implements: A few deep mortars were found. That they
were used for pounding rather than grinding is surmise at this point.
Probably associated with them are some long pestle-like stones, which
seem to fit in terms of size and function.
c. Perforated stones: A number of perforated stones were found (Fig.
15, No. 20). These are usually rather flat, and are in the vicinity of 8
to 10 cms. in diameter. In one case, the hole is off centre, but this is
the exception. Use as digging stick weights or net or loom weights may
be suggested, but no positive evidence is available.
8
d. Beads: A few very small beads were found, all with a diameter of
less than 1 cm. In addition, one incised bead was found (Fig. 15, No.
24).
e. Cutting tools: The only ground stone cutting tool found was a small
chisel-like flat stone (Fig. 15, No. 19).
2. Chipped stone: An analysis of the chipped stone is presented in Ap-
pendix A.
3. Bone: The bone divides into two categories, tools and ornaments.
a. Tools: The vast majority of bone tools are awls made from the long
bones of sheep goat. Often the articulating surface is present when
the entire tool is preserved (Fig. 15, Nos. 2 and 7). Aside from awls,
some rib bones of large bovines are obviously worked, but the pur-
pose of the tool is unclear (Fig. 15, No. 9). Finally, one long bone
was carefully cut and the cut end worked into a neat bevel (Fig. 15,
No. 1). Again the function is unclear, but this tool may have been
used in impressing pottery.
b. Beads: A large number of bone beads have been found, some only
partially completed. These were cut into narrow sections from the
long bones of sheep/goat (Fig. 15, No. 5). Some pieces are pre-
served in which the bead was in the process of manufacture and thus
still connected to the bone from which it was being cut. Finally, some
narrower bones were used as beads in longer lengths of up to 5 cms.
4. Metal: A few pieces of copper/bronze were found, all but one of which
were in doubtful stratigraphic context and so badly corroded as to be of
little use in determining function. The exception was some copper/bronze
found with one burial. Again, preservation was very poor, but the object
seems to have been a bead.
5. Shell: A few pieces of mother of pearl were found, but they were with
one exception unworked. The exception, shown on Fig. 15, No. 22, was
a mother of pearl "amulet", which unfortunately comes from one of the
transitional levels between the Dalma and the Seh Gabi period strata (see
below). Finally, a few shell beads, which still require identification, were
discovered.
6. Pottery:
a. Spindle whorls: The conical spindle whorl shown on Fig. 15, Nos. 12,
14-16 was the most common type, and occurred in large numbers.
Most specimens are plain and red slipped. Nos. 12 and 15 are the
only two decorated examples found. In addition, a number of bi-conical
objects which have generally been called spindle whorls were also
found.
b. Sling pellets: The two large caches of sling pellets mentioned above
were not the only such objects found. In general, all were similar in
size and shape to the one shown on Fig. 15, No. 25.
c. Balls and discs: A number of round clay balls were found. These
were small (c. 2 cm.) and baked. Their function is unknown. The
same can also be said of discs made of a broken sherd, rounded and
perforated.
d. Miscellaneous: A few miscellaneous clay objects were found in the
Seh Gabi period levels. These include the small phallic object on Fig.
15, No. 23, as well as some clay cones and pyramids (Fig. 15, No. 4)
and some animal figurines such as Fig. 15, No. 11.
BURIALS
Eight complete or partially preserved burials associated with the Seh Gabi
period levels were found, two in G 18, one in H 19 and five in G 20. In
most cases, the exact stratigraphic position was unclear, but it appears
that these may have been located under the floors of houses. All of the
burials were of very young infants or perhaps even foetuses. In the well
preserved examples, the body was always in a tightly contracted position,
and in a bowl (Fig. 16, Nos. 2 and 3). The bowl was always of the red
plain ware, but the shape varied from straight sided to flaring sided. Usu-
ally, the bowl was right side up, but in one case, the bowl was inverted
over the skeleton (Pis. IX and X). In two cases, there was evidence that
the body was either clothed or wrapped in a shroud. In one of the two,
possible textile fragments were preserved, and are presently undergoing
analysis. No adult burials were found that can be connected with the Seh
Gabi period, or for that matter, with any period represented at Seh Gabi.
Mound B Stratigraphy
This concluding section on the results of the excavation on Mound B is
in two parts, one on the internal stratigraphy of the mound, and one on
the comparative stratigraphy.
A. Internal stratigraphy: As we stated earlier, there are two periods repre-
sented on Mound B. The earlier, the Dalma period, runs from virgin soil
up to at least the base of the peasant cut on the east side of the mound.
The later, the Seh Gabi period, is present in the first three architectural
levels on the mound counting from the top down. The issue which is still
outstanding is the nature of the transition between these two periods. All
of the evidence for this transition comes from the 4x4 metre trench in
G 21. Unforunately, we experienced a great deal of difficulty in isolating
discrete stratigraphic units in this trench, and many of the lots were mixed.
Much of the deposit consisted of bricky collapse and bricky rubble that
was differentiated only by slight variations in consistency. Below this,
there was a thick layer of ashy debris mixed with bricky rubble. This layer
was subdivided, but it too was hard to remove in discrete units. In addi-
tion, as was already noted, the walls in this trench were badly preserved,
and the floors to go with these walls were not readily apparent. Thus, it is
10
impossible at the present time to discuss the transition between the two
periods on stratigraphic grounds.
There are, nevertheless, some indications of continuity. The highly
diagnostic funnel, known from Dalma Tepe, occurs in both periods at Sch
Gabi. In addition, many of the plain wares in the Seh Gabi period may be
seen as derivative from the Dalma period wares. Finally, the sherds of the
various Dalma wares found in the Seh Gabi levels may not be intrusive,
and would indicate the continuance of the earlier ceramic tradition, if in
somewhat diminished quantitcs. One further possible indication of contin-
uity exists. We have had an opportunity to examine the field notes from
Dalma Tepe, and these report the existence of burials of small infants or
foetuses in bowls immediately under house floors. While we have yet to
discover such in the Dalma period levels at Seh Gabi, their occurrence in
the Seh Gabi levels is suggestive of an ongoing burial practice.
B. Comparative stratigraphy. The only site that has been published in any
form which has material comparable to the Dalma period at Seh Gabi is
Dalma Tepe itself.10 A three-week stay in Philadelphia during the summer
of 1972 allowed Levine to examine the material from Dalma Tepe in the
collections of the University Museum, Philadelphia.11 The correspondence
between the ceramic assemblages of the two sites can be called nothing
less than remarkable. Excepting a small percentage of pieces that are par-
ticular to these two mounds individually, most of the material from Seh
Gabi could be mixed in with that from Dalma Tepe and it would be im-
possible to distinguish one from the other on macroscopic grounds. Such
convergence between sites separated by more than 250 miles of rugged
mountain terrain is a phenomenon that is well worth further investigation.
The Seh Gabi period material is still more difficult to deal with. As
was noted, the published site with which it compares most closely is Tepe
Giyan. Unfortunately, the Tepe Giyan material is mixed stratigraphically,
and thus of little use. The only statement that can be made at this point
is that Seh Gabi period materials occur in both Giyan Vc and Vd. A sur-
face collection of sherds from Giyan at the Royal Ontario Museum shows
the same overfired painted wares as those found at Seh Gabi. Any dis-
cussion of wider connections of these wares with the late Susiana and Susa
A materials on the one hand, and the late Ubaid materials on the other,
is beyond the scope of the present report.
Absolute dating is discussed below.
11
The Godin VII and VI Periods
(Mounds A, E, and F)
Materials resembling those denned at Godin Tepe in periods VII and VI
were found in a number of test soundings carried out on Mounds A, E
and F. The soundings in Mound A were 2x2 metre squares in P 43 and
K 38; those in Mound F consisted of a 2 x 4 metre square in Y51, along
the edge of the peasant cut in that mound, and an irregularly shaped sound-
ing in Y 50, which totalled 12 square metres in area; the trench in Mound
E was located in square F 46, and was 4x5 metres in area. All were
supervised in a rather haphazard manner for the most part, and were dug
to obtain gross information on the ceramic assemblages in these mounds.
ARCHITECTURE
No architecture worth noting was found in any of the soundings. A few
small walls were found in P 43 and Y 51, but the areas opened were too
small to expect significant architectural results. In Y 50 and F 46, no archi-
tecture was encountered. While this may be a function of the manner in
which the areas were dug, it should be pointed out that the balks were
carefully examined, and no trace of a wall appeared in any of them. It
is hoped that future excavations on these mounds will yield substantial
architectural remains.
POTTERY
The classification of the pottery from Periods VII and VI at Godin as
presented by Young is applicable to the pottery found on these mounds
at Seh Gabi, and need not be repeated here.12 The larger sample of sherds
from Seh Gabi, however, does make it possible to add somewhat to
Young's earlier remarks.
1. Painted wares: The painted wares are, at least to our eye, markedly dif-
ferent from Seh Gabi painted wares. The surface is almost always smoothed
or burnished, and has a slightly soapy feel. The paint varies in colour
from a tan to an almost black, but it is rarely overfired to the glossy black
which is the rule on Mound B, and it is usually matte and at times fugitive.
An impressionistic over-view of the motifs are that they are unlike those
from Mound B, but a final assessment of this problem will have to await
the completion of the detailed study now in progress.
2. Coarse wares: As Young noted, the parallels at other sites to the coarse
wares are of a very generalized nature.13 Thanks to the larger amount of
material now available to us, we can point out some of the index fossils
of this assemblage, although we are as yet unable to draw good parallels
with other published sites.
a. Finger pinched wavy bands: Figure 13, Nos. 1, 2 and 4, are examples
of this technique. The clay was pinched between the thumb and index
12
finger to produce the wavy raised line. The decoration is confined to
the upper part of the vessel, and occurs in a narrow band.14
b. Slash incisions : A thickened rim is often incised with some sort of a
blade in a number of patterns (Fig. 13, Nos. 3, 5, 7 and 8). Similar
incisions also cover the entire body of some vessels as in Fig. 13,
Nos. 10 and 17. This incised ware is unlike that from the Dalma
period.
c. Finger impressed lugs: A long narrow lug was applied to the body of
the vessel, and this lug was then impressed with the fingers, as in Fig.
13, Nos. 9 and 12 and Fig. 16, Nos. la and 4a. The lug was either
on the rim of the vessel or at the point of maximum diameter.
d. Thin based strainers: Fig. 13, No. 15 shows a highly diagnostic form
from this period. A bowl with sharply insloping sides and a thin base
had two rows of holes pierced through the walls of the vessel. The
base is so thin that it seems hardly capable of surviving any kind of
use. The vessel was clearly made for a highly specialized, as yet
undetermined function.
SMALL FINDS
1. Ground stone: A single mortar or door socket was found in P 43. The
depression is highly polished, but the rest of the stone is unworked. The
only other stone object recovered Is a plano-convex disc with a perforation
through the centre. It measures 4.8 cm. in diameter and is 1.6 cm. high.
2. Pottery: A wide range of pottery objects were found.
a. Spindle whorls: The spindle whorls from these mounds differ from
those found on Mound B. They are generally in the shape of a flat-
tened cone, with the lower part in-sloping and the depression shallow.
In one case, there is a row of fingernail impressions around the lower
part of the outer surface. Fig. 15, No. 13 is a typical example.
b. Balls, discs, cones: A common find in all of the soundings was a small
clay disc with concave surfaces (Fig. 15, No. 6). Small clay balls
and cones, under 3 cm. in size, were also found.
c. Miscellaneous: A flat clay object shaped like a hook was found but the
function is unknown (Fig. 15, No. 8). One cylindrical clay bead and
one animal figurine were also found. Finally a clay sealing of geometric
design, with the impressions of the string still preserved on the reverse,
was discovered in F 46 (Fig. 15, No. 3).
3. Bone: A few assorted bone awls and one bone bead were the only ob-
jects recovered.
BURIALS
Two burials were recovered from the Period VII deposits on Mound E, in
square F 46. These differ markedly from those found on Mound B. In
the first place, they appear to have been extramural. No associated archi-
tecture appeared in either the horizontal or the sections. Both burials were
of children, but they were older than the infants found on Mound B. The
burials were in large pots, which were covered with large bowls used as a
13
lid (Fig. 16, Nos. 1 and 4). The burials were primary, and the bodies
were in a tightly flexed position. No grave goods were found with either
of the two skeletons.
Mounds A, E and F Stratigraphy
The nature of the excavation on these mounds makes it difficult to be
overly precise about the stratigraphy. Thus, the following comments are
largely provisional in character.
In both F 46 and Y 50, the lowest strata appear to be equivalent to
Godin VII. Little fine ware or painted ware appears, and many of the diag-
nostic forms of the coarse wares are present. The upper strata exhibit a
larger quantity of the fine wares, both painted and unpainted, and are thus
apparently comparable to the Godin VI assemblage.
The problem with this scheme lies not in one-to-one parallels that can
be drawn between Seh Gabi and Godin, but rather in the nature of the
transition between Godin VII and VI at Godin itself. As was pointed out
by Young, Period VI is largely defined by the higher statistical occurrence
of fine wares, which are present but rare in Godin VII as well. Until we
have a well excavated assemblage from Seh Gabi, it is impossible to say
whether we are dealing with the Godin VII range exclusively, or whether
we have an assemblage comparable in part to Godin VI as well. At pres-
ent, the latter possibility appears the more likely, but it also seems likely
that we do not have the later part of the Godin VI time range, as defined
by Young.
Aside from the Godin VII and VI parallels, little can be said about
comparative material. Among the painted wares are those which corre-
spond to Giyan Vd and Siyalk III sherds, but data from both these sites
are difficult to use with precision. Of great importance is the work of the
University of Tehran at the site of Sagsabad. The director, Dr. E. Neghaban,
kindly allowed me to see some of the material from the 1971 season in
which there are many parallels to both the painted wares and, more im-
portantly, to the diagnostic plain wares. The publication of this material is
eagerly awaited.
The Stratigraphy of Seh Gabi
As was noted in the introduction, the relative sequence of the four periods
represented at Seh Gabi remains a problem. Two pieces of data need to
be noted. The first is that there are indications of a smooth transition
from the Dalma period levels to the Seh Gabi period levels. The second
is that an equally smooth transition seems to characterize the Godin VII
and VI periods. Thus, the choices left to us are 1 ) putting Godin VII after
14
the Seh Gabi period, or 2) putting the Dalma period after Godin VI. The
possibility that the two developments are contemporary on mounds that
are separated by only 200 metres seems unlikely, especially as there is
virtually no mixing of materials from the eastern group of mounds with
those from Mound B. Of the two choices, the priority of the Dalma and
Seh Gabi periods over those of Godin VII and VI seems preferable to us
at this time. The existence of transitional materials between Godin VI
and Godin V would point to VI being a terminal neolithic assemblage, and
would argue for its being the latest in the neolithic sequence in the Kanga-
var valley. In addition at Tepe Giyan, Seh Gabi painted wares appear in
Vc and Vd, while the Godin VI painted ware is restricted to Vd. Finally,
Dalma sherds appear in Giyan Vb levels. This would indicate a sequence
Dalma, Seh Gabi, Godin VI at Giyan. Given the nature of the Giyan
sample our conclusions are admittedly tentative.
We would thus suggest that the sequence at Seh Gabi may be as fol-
lows. Mound B is the earliest settlement, followed by A, E and F. The
order of these latter mounds is still undetermined. The order of the periods
at Seh Gabi would then be Dalma as the earliest, followed by Seh Gabi,
Godin VII and Godin VI. This leaves Godin VII as a new and unexplained
phenomenon in the neolithic sequence of western Iran, but such an order-
ing appears to be the most elegant solution to the problem right now.
A final task remains. Dates have to be assigned to the various periods.
As yet, none of the radiocarbon samples recovered has been run, so dates
are based on comparative material from other sites only. The Dalma per-
iod is probably to be assigned dates of c. 4500-4000 B.C., although the
lower limit may be too high. Seh Gabi period materials would then roughly
fit between 4000 and 3700, Godin VII between 3700 and 3400, and Godin
VI 3400-3100 B.C. These are dates based upon radio-carbon determina-
tions from other sites, and on a half life of 5730, uncorrected.15 If the
correction factor is added, the entire sequence will have to be expanded.
15
GODIN TEPE
Introduction
The 1969 season of excavations at Godin Tepe lasted from June 20 to
September 18. One major project was the continued clearance of the area
on the north side of the Upper Citadel mound which had been selected for
extended sounding in 1967. Defined by the grid squares CI, C2, Bl, B2,
Al and A2 and the western half of the two squares AA1 and AA2, this
operation (hereafter referred to as the Deep Sounding) covers an average
area of approximately 700 square metres. In 1969 this operation was con-
fined to levels dating to Period III. We completed the clearance of level
111:2, begun in 1967 and laid bare Levels 111:3 and 111:4 over the entire
operation. A second major objective of the 1969 season was continued
excavation of the large Period II fortified manor house which covers the
whole of the Upper Citadel mound. By the end of the season a total of
approximately 4000 square metres had been opened in the search for this
structure. These excavations were recorded by grid square but actual dig-
ging followed the plan of the structure as it unfolded, with section balks
left only where needed and useful. A third objective was the beginning of
an area clearance on the south edge of the Citadel mound in the grid
squares AA9 and AA10. It was hoped that this operation might be profit-
ably expanded in order to expose a large area of the upper Period III
construction level in this area, but a month of work here suggested that
further excavation was unwarranted. Finally, four small uncontrolled cuts,
Operations R, S, T, and U, were made at the eastern top and base of the
Citadel mound to test the gross sequence and the extent of occupation in
any given period in this part of the site.
The 1971 season lasted from May 26 to September 15. Work in the
Deep Soundings was continued. About half way through the season Ops.
C2, B2 and A2 had to be stepped north 5 metres, and Ops. AA1 and AA2
were converted to a large test trench down the east side of the Deep Sound-
ing. Most of the area lost to excavation in this manner, however, was re-
covered by our reaching a depth such that significant sections of grid
squares A01 and B01 became available for excavation. Still, by the end
of the season the Deep Sounding only covered an area of about 600 square
metres. In all operations except AOl and BOl we were still in Period III
deposits when the season closed. In the two northernmost operations we
had uncovered a single, badly damaged and eroded construction level dat-
ing to Period IV. Our second effort in 1971 was directed to what we hoped
would be the completion of the Period II fortified manor house. This
proved impossible, however, though matters were brought to the point
where we can be reasonably sure of recovering all that remains of this im-
portant structure by the end of the 1973 season. Once again small uncon-
trolled trenches were cut at various points to test gross sequences: Op. W
and X at the upper western edge of the Citadel mound, and Op. YE, and
YW and Z at the base of the west end of the Citadel mound in an area
much cut away by the locals for earth with which to make bricks (PI. XI).
16
Periods VII to IV
PERIOD VII
No further material which can with certainty be assigned to Period VII has
been recovered in excavations at Godin Tepe. None of the several uncon-
trolled operations which have gone to virgin soil has yielded Period VII
material, and, though the record is as yet incomplete, it begins to look as
though the Period VII mound was a small one located only in the general
area of Op. B cut in the 1965 season. A few sherds of Period VII date
were recovered in the lowest levels of Op. Ml cut in the south flat in 1967,
but solid evidence for a Period VII occupation in that area is something
we shall search for in 1973. If there does prove to be such an occupation,
then we may have evidence at Godin for two separate small mounds in
Period VII.
PERIOD VI
The only Period VI materials recovered since our last report are from the
uncontrolled Op. YE. Virgin soil was not reached. Bricky collapse strata
containing Period VI plain and painted wares were found below a shallow
deposit of Period V date. The latter appears to rest conformably on the
former. Further excavations will be undertaken in this area in 1973.
period v
Period V materials have been recovered in Ops. YE, YW and Z. In Op.
YE they probably represent the remains of a single building level — all
that is left of a once deeper deposit much destroyed by the modern brick
makers. In Ops. T and U, Period V deposits were found underlying Period
IV materials and resting on virgin soil. Such evidence as we now have
from the several cuttings at the base of the Citadel mound strongly sug-
gests that it was in Period V that the mound grew in size to include the
whole of the area covered by the Citadel mound, whereas the Period VI
site (or sites) had been very much smaller.
PERIOD IV
Period IV materials were recovered from Ops. T and U and, in the Deep
Sounding, from Ops. AOl and BOl. In the latter area there is further evi-
dence to suggest that the Period III deposit rests unconformably on the
eroded upper surface of Period IV.10 Here the IV deposit was thin (maxi-
mum depth 1.50 metres). In BOl a large "ceremonial" hearth which had
been rebuilt and replastered on several occasions was found, unfortunately
with its northern edge badly damaged by the erosion which has cut away
the north face of the mound. In AOl a scries of small, flimsy walls en-
closing hearths, all rather suggestive of some kind of industrial area, were
found. Detailed presentation of these structures must await the clearance
of area immediately to the south (Ops. Al and Bl). In Ops. T and U,
Period IV material rested apparently unconformably on Period V deposits.
17
No Period IV structures were found in either cut, the deposit, as in Ops. F
and P, being a series of trash tip lines sloping downwards from the Citadel
mound. It would seem that the Period IV mound was slightly smaller than
the mound of Period V.
No pottery was discovered in these operations which differs in any
notable way from the pottery of Period IV described in our earlier report.
Further examples are illustrated (Fig. 19), along with a few Period IV
small finds.
Period III
STRATIFICATION
Period III materials have been found immediately below the surface of the
Citadel mound in Ops. S, R, W and X. In Ops. AA9 and AA10, Period
III structures were overlain by a very thin deposit derived from flimsy
structures dating to Period II. The great bulk of Period III material, of
course, has been recovered from the Deep Sounding, strata 5 A to 18A (Fig.
18).
In the Deep Sounding we had completed the clearance of Level 111:1
and part of Level IIL2A by the time of our last progress report.17 Since
then we have increased the depth of the sounding by between 4 and 5
metres to a total average depth of some 7 metres. Level 111:2 proved to
have undergone three phases of construction and reconstruction, labeled
Levels III: 2 A, 2B and 2C in descending order. Immediately below these
111:2 structures lay the very scrappy and poorly defined remains of build-
ings which had covered only parts of the area under excavation. Little in
the way of an articulate plan could be drawn of this building level, but
enough was recovered to indicate that we were certainly not dealing either
with a still earlier phase of Level 111:2 or with a final phase of Level 111:4.
Thus these structures were awarded a level number in their own right,
Level 111:3. In parts of the area under excavation Level 111:3 rested im-
mediately on the upper surface of deposits related to Level 111:4; in others
(see esp. the Master Section. Fig. 18, for Op. A2 and strata 12D to 12L,
14C and 14J) there is clear evidence for abandonment between Levels
111:4 and 111:3 during which time large quantities of trash and wash de-
rived from elsewhere on the mound accumulated in the area under exca-
vation.
Thus the basic stratigraphic pattern from the end of Level 111:4 up-
ward is similar to and a continuation of that which marked the relationship
between Levels IIL2A and 111:1 described in our last report.18 After the
abandonment of Level 111:4 only a part of the area under excavation was
occupied, and even that occupation appears to have been unsubstantial.
The mound, however, was by no means abandoned; Period III occupation
continued in areas outside of the limits of the Deep Sounding. It is that
occupation, combined with such activity as was taking place within the
area excavated (toward the west end of the sounding), which produced
18
the collapse, wash and trash represented by strata 12D to 12L, 14C and
14J in Op. A2. The area under excavation was then completely reoccupied
and the structures of Level III:2C were built (Fig. 22). The structures of
this level at the east end of the sounding in Ops. Al, A2, AA1 and AA2
went through an intermediate phase of reconstruction and reorganization
labeled Level III:2B (plan not given). Then a major reconstruction took
place, labelled Level III:2A (Fig. 23). As described in our earlier report,
eventually the structures of Level 111:2 were abandoned completely, the
Period III occupation in the area of the Deep Sounding was again inter-
rupted, deposits of wash and trash collected over and around the wall stubs
of Level III: 2 A, and only later the structures of Level 111:1 were built.
Properly speaking, therefore, from the end of Level 111:4 upwards we
really have recovered only a part of the Period III sequence at Godin Tepe.
At a minimum we are missing a major construction level between each of
the principal architectural complexes which we have been able to describe.
At least one occupation is entirely missing between Level 111:1 and 111:2,
and part of an occupation is missing between Levels 111:2 and 111:3 and
between Levels 111:3 and 111:4. These very fundamental stratigraphic con-
siderations must be kept in mind when dealing with the materials recovered
in terms of either relative or absolute chronology.
From Level 111:4 downward the stratigraphic situation changed mark-
edly. There were no longer any major interruptions in the sequence of
constructions and reconstructions. For ease of presentation we have con-
tinued the practice of giving different building level designations to the
architectural remains when structural configurations are so changed as not
to be recognizably related to earlier configurations. In fact, however, such
distinctions are as arbitrary and heuristic as the division into periods of
an historical continuum such as the Rennaisance and the High Middle
Ages, or the Ubaid and the Early Uruk periods in Mesopotamia. The fact
is that Level 111:4 A is really just a very evolved configuration of the struc-
tures first built in Level IIL5E. At no point in the sequence was the evo-
lutionary development of the architecture broken by any significant aban-
donment of the area under excavation. We found this situation difficult to
deal with during excavation, and it is no easier to describe after the fact.
What has happened is that we have opened a large enough area, on a
part of the mound which was not abandoned for a long enough period of
time, that what we have recovered is the stratigraphic record of literally
scores of minor rcbuildings and structural adjustments such as are typical
of any continuously occupied modern Near Eastern village. Over a long
period of time these multiple individual rcbuildings, combined with the
natural trash resulting from people living in these structures, result in the
accumulation of a deep archaeological deposit. At first we called this
phenomenon "spiral stratigraphy,"10 for that is exactly the impression you
get in tracing any given stratum around the Deep Sounding. For example,
we could take the floor, and trash deposit on that floor, which in Op. CI
defined Level IIL5B, and trace it south into Op. C2 and then cast into
Op. B2. The associated structure in Op. B2 was then labelled Level
III:5B. A similar stratum associated with the structures of Level III : 5B in
19
Op. B2 was then traced farther east in Op. A2, where it was suddenly found
to be associated with structures labeled III: 5 A, since they were the walls
immediately underlying Level III:4B in that operation. If we continued to
trace that same stratum, turning north and then heading back west to
our starting point in Op. CI, we were likely to find that by the time we
arrived back in Op. CI, we were following the stratum that had originally
defined the floor of the structures labelled III:4B in that operation, and
were by now perhaps as much as a metre or more higher up the section
than where we started. We cannot think of a better illustration of the well
known truth that all periodization of the historical record is only a useful
fiction of analysis.
"Spiral stratigraphy", however, does not really quite describe the
phenomenon. The growth and development of a Near Eastern site cannot
even be seen as that regular. Rather, what is happening can only be de-
scribed as a quite irrergular, unpatterned growth of deposition. Recon-
structions appear perhaps first in the centre of the area under excavation,
then in the east, then in the west. Or perhaps twice to the west, then in
the east, then in the centre. There simply is no regular, predictable se-
quence of events. One must imagine a child who, while building a large
square tower out of small, irregular shaped blocks, never manages during
the actual construction process to get the top of his tower all on one level.
Several important implications follow from a recognition of "spiral
stratigraphy" (we have yet to come up with a better catch-word phase
for the phenomenon). 1) You will only find it if you dig a big enough
horizontal area of the site. Obviously, if we had opened a much larger area
of Levels 111:1 to 111:3 we might very well have discovered that these
"levels" have the same kind of stratigraphic relationship one to another as
do Levels 111:5 and 111:4. The corollary of this observation is also true: if
you put a small enough trench in a mound you will get a distinctly dif-
ferent impression of the stratigraphic relationships of your materials. 2)
The observations which led us to distinguish the reconstructions of Levels
IIL2C, 2B and 2 A were simply observations of "spiral stratigraphy" on a
miniature scale. 3) Real, chronologically significant breaks in the occupa-
tional sequence of a site are often very hard to determine. 4) It will be a
difficult thing to clear a single building level over a very wide area and be
assured that materials recovered at one extreme of that clearance are actu-
ally contemporary with materials recovered from the other extreme of the
area excavated. 5) It will be some time before we develop recording and
descriptive techniques which will allow us to deal effectively with the
chronological and cultural implications of materials recovered from such
a complicated stratigraphic context. Near Eastern archaeologists are a long
way from understanding stratigraphy in anything but frighteningly simplis-
tic terms.
ARCHITECTURE
No articulated structural remains have been recovered from Ops. S, R, W
and X. In Ops. AA9 and AA10 we found the stone foundations of a
structure consisting of at least three rooms and what may have been a
20
paved courtyard (Fig. 24). Part of the purpose of a trench in this location
was to determine whether or not there was any fortification wall of Period
III at the edge of the Citadel mound. At first it seemed that the structure
recovered might be some kind of casemate wall, since it is aligned with
the edge of the Citadel mound, but the structure does not appear to con-
tinue any farther east and west than shown in Fig. 24. A deep trench was
extended south over and down the edge of the Citadel mound from Op.
AA10, and, though perhaps about half of the total depth of the Period
III deposit was sounded, no evidence of any fortification wall was dis-
covered.
An unburied body was found in Op. AA9 in the Period III deposit.
Burial 1 of Op. AA9 was in st. 4 on a surface associated with the Period
III structures. The body lay in the northeast corner of the operation, head
to the south and torso and legs lying almost parallel with the east balk
section, and the body was close enough to the balk that had it been a
burial such evidence would have been present in the section. The body
was supine, with the legs drawn up so that the knees stuck straight up. The
knees themselves had been chopped off in ancient times during the laying
of the floor of the Period II structure of strata 2 and 3 (Fig. 43). Both
arms were across the chest, with the left hand at the throat and the right
hand at the left elbow. There were no objects associated with the body
ether than a bronze arrow head which was found still imbedded in the 6th,
7th and 8th thoracic vertebrae. The arrow had entered the body on a
descending arc, nipped the 6th thoracic vertebrae, cut through the 7th,
severed the spinal chord between the 7th and 8th and cut the ventral edge
of the 8th thoracic vertebra (Fig. 34, No. 1; PL XII). There was no other
evidence of violence in the area. How the body came to this location, how
it was buried in the debris of wall collapse and wash derived from Period
III structures and what larger events might be associated with the shooting
remain complete mysteries. One would suppose that the shooting and
death are in some way related to the final abandonment of the Period III
occupation, but nowhere else is there evidence that the abandonment in-
volved violence.
It is not yet possible to present in detail all of the several building
levels recovered from the Deep Sounding. Thus the discussion here is con-
fined to one or two characteristic phases from each of the main building
levels defined, excepting Level 111:3, which is not discussed at all.
Level 111:2: The earliest phase, Level IIL2C reveals the remains of per-
haps four separate structures (Fig. 22). Those in the west half of the area
excavated are discussed below under Level III :2A. Here we are interested
only in the rather large structure falling almost entirely in Ops. Al, A2,
AA1 and AA2. This building, the final phase of which was in part un-
covered in 1967, is described in our earlier report. In this its earliest con-
figuration we see that it was almost a monumental structure. Area 6 is out-
side the building; perhaps the end of a street. To the east is the grand
entrance to the building. After crossing a stone paved threshold, one
entered room 1 , a hall or corridor with benches against the north and
21
south walls. These well made, mud-plastered benches had plastered arm
rests at either end, giving rather the effect of large sofas or chesterfields
(PL XIII). The corridor led on to the east out of the area excavated. One
could, however, also exit to the north, stepping down into room 2. This
was a large, apparently roofed room, with a rather curious central hearth
(PI. XIV). The hearth itself consisted of a square pottery tray with high
sides, resting on the ground. Around at least three, and we may assume
four, sides of this tray ran a low plastered mud brick bench on which
people could sit to warm themselves at the fire. One is tempted to suggest
that this complex of hearth and bench functioned much like a modern
Iranian kursi. The ceramic hearth performed the function of the modern
metal manqal; a large quilt would be held up well above the hearth by
some kind of a wooden or metal frame, and the people would sit around
the fire on the bench with the quilt snug up under the arm pits. Today
with such a rig one can keep a dozen or more people quite warm all day
on a handful of charcoal.
Rooms 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10 remained unaltered through all phases
of Level 111:2 and have already been described.20 Rooms 11 and 12, how-
ever, were only excavated in 1969. These two rooms may be part of a
separate structure. One could, of course, argue the same way in regard to
rooms 8 and 9. Perhaps it is most logical to see the building with the
grand entrance and the large room with the hearth as a single structure
belonging to a person of unusual means or rank, and rooms 1 1 and 12 and
8 and 9 as very small and by comparison very modest separate houses.
It is regrettable that the north end of room 12 in Level III:2C was de-
stroyed by erosion and later constructions. Area 13 is almost certainly
outside any structure.
In Level III:2B the "monumental" house underwent some alterations.
By Level III:2A it was no longer so impressive and the whole room and
entrance arrangement on the east had been markedly changed (Fig. 23).
The west side of the building remained unaltered in Level IIL2B, but by
Level III:2A it had undergone some reconstruction. Room 12 (in 111:2 A
room 15) was much smaller, and no longer had a stone pavement, and
the doorway to the west was blocked. A large grain storage bin had been
added in the northeast corner of room 11 (in IIL2A room 16).
Turning to the western half of the Deep Sounding and Ops. Bl, B2,
B3, CI, C2 and C3 we find that the structural remains are best discussed
in terms of Level III :2A (Fig. 23). There were only two constructional
phases in this area; nothing was found which could be specifiically corre-
lated with the Level IIL2B changes in the east half of the sounding. Varia-
tions between the two III:2C and IIL2A phases involve only relatively
minor alterations in wall configurations, some widening and strengthening
of walls, and changes in some of the minor features on floors.
Here in Level IIL2A we have the remains of at least three and per-
haps four houses. Rooms 18 and 19 probably define one house. The en-
trance to the house was from the east from the unexcavated area of square
A3. Just to the right of the door before one entered were two clay grain
storage bins. A bench was in the northeast corner of room 19. A doorway
22
to the north gave access to room 18, which was large and may possibly
have had a single wooden column standing on a flat stone base to support
the roof. A large patch of stone pavement ran up against the west wall.
Low benches fronted parts of the north and east walls, which had been
considerably rebuilt and strengthened since Level III:2C. Built into the
wall in the northwest corner of the room was a square mud plastered,
storage bin.
Rooms 20 and 21 may have been parts of a second house, most of
which lay to the south beyond the area excavated. Two typical Period III
clay grain storage bins were found in room 21 against the north wall.
Rooms 22 and 24, and perhaps rooms 23 and 25 as well, formed another
house. Certainly rooms 22 and 24 describe a constructional unit and, more
important, are most interesting in terms of the several features found in
them. Two distinct hearth areas were found in room 22. The doorway
between rooms 22 and 24, probably at one time wider than it appears in
Level III: 2 A, was paved with stones. Beginning in the doorway and run-
ning north along the west face of the* long east wall was a rather irregularly
shaped low bench in which, in room 24, was a raised ceramic hearth. An-
other large hearth area lay at the north end of the bench. The whole of
this area was much burned and covered with an ash deposit (note the
large ash deposit labelled stratum 8M in the Master Section, Fig. 18).
Two large, well preserved clay grain storage bins were set against the
north wall of room 24 (PL XV). Just to the west of these bins, cut back
in part into the north wall, was another raised hearth. In front of the bins,
sunk in the floor of the room, was another hearth, and just to the south-
east of it was a large but shallow hole in the floor. Again the area was
heavily burned and covered with much ash. Immediately west of the cir-
cular floor hearth was a pair of walls that looked very much as though
they define some kind of elaborate entrance to a room to the east beyond
the excavated area. Room 23, which could have been part of this com-
plex entered from the east, also contained a bench and a hearth. Room 25
may have been a part of the small building, again entered from the east.
It is probably not associated with room 24 since the stone foundations un-
covered in Level IIL2C showed that it did not share a party wall with
room 24. A hearth lay in the southeast corner of room 25, there was a
circular hearth sunk in the floor in the centre of the room, with a pot set
in the floor nearby and a patch of stone pavement against the south wall.
The hearths in rooms 22, 23 and 25 can easily be explained in terms
of the winter climate of central western Iran. Another explanation must be
sought, however, for the complex of hearths in room 24. One suspects we
are here dealing with some kind of industrial activity, most probably bread
making on a fairly grand scale, since we have two large grain storage bins
associated with no less than four separate hearths. Perhaps this is some
kind of a baker's shop serving several households or even a sizable seg-
ment of the whole village.
Room 29, which was floored with a stone pavement over a large area,
had a hearth against the south wall and large pot sunk in the floor, and
was almost certainly part of still another complex of rooms to the west
and north.
23
Level 111:4: Only the uppermost configuration of this level is discussed
here, Level III:4A (Fig. 21). The dominant feature in the eastern part
of the Deep Sounding in this level is the street, "Avenue Road" or area 1,
running at an angle across the southeast corner of the area excavated (PI.
XVI). This street is a major connecting link between the architecture of
Level 111:4 and that of the several stages of Level 111:5, for it remained in
use throughout all of those building phases. It was the area which filled
with wash and trash during the occupation of Level 111:3 and only ceased
to function as a street in Level 111:2, though even then the memory of it
may have lingered in the alignment of the corridor entrance of the "monu-
mental" structure of that level.
Four passages go north off "Avenue Road". Starting at the east side
of the Deep Sounding, two thresholds in stone lead from a jog or widening
in the street into rooms 2 and 3. The latter room, with parts of its floor
paved in stone and a rather odd niche in its north wall, must be part of a
larger structure to the east which remains unexcavated. Room 2, with two
benches and patches of stone paved floor, is hard to see as an entity unto
itself, and may have functioned as some kind of a small guard room
oriented to the entrance into the house of which room 3 is a part. Of
room 4 we know nothing sensible as yet.
Area 6 is another street, a small alleyway paved in stone sloping up
from "Avenue Road" to a flight of three stone steps leading into room 5,
which could have been a one room house (PI. XVII). A clay grain stor-
age bin stands against the west wall. A low bench in the northwest corner,
of the room abuts a raised rectangular storage bin also against the west
wall. At the east end of the bench, backed against a small wall stub, is a
hearth. Another bench which ran along the east wall has been badly dam-
aged by a large pit cut from later levels.
Immediately to the west of room 5 and area 6 is perhaps one of the
more interesting structural complexes yet recovered from Period III (PI.
XVIII). Area 7 is a paved terrace standing above the level of "Avenue
Road", defined on its south side by a stone retaining wall and on its west
side by a stone and mud brick retaining wall. There was no evidence for
any free-standing wall along the south or west sides of area 7. Area 15 is
another alleyway, again as in the case of area 6 paved with stone and
leading up to the north to a flight of three steps up into area 14. This latter
area probably should also be seen as a street, or rather as a widening at
the end of the area 1 5 alleyway, off of which are two doorways, one lead-
ing to area 24, the other to area 10. There is some evidence to suggest that
area 10 was an open courtyard. It is also paved with flat stone over much
of its surface. In the northwest corner of the courtyard is a very small
room, the doorway of which is partially blocked by a large pot set in the
surface. Through the room runs a drain, the terminus of which lies some-
where to the north and is eroded away. One is tempted, of course, to see
this room as an outhouse or privay; it is in the same location in the court-
yard as are privies in Near Eastern village houses today.
There are two ways out of courtyard 10 to the south. One, at the east
side of the area, leads down five stone steps to an alleyway which even-
24
tually reaches the stone paved terrace, area 7 described above. The other
leads across a fairly level threshold into room 9, which is elaborately paved
with stone. From room 9 a sloping ramp-like pavement leads farther south
into room 8. Two exits lead out of room 8; one west onto the stairs in
area 15, the other east into the alleyway leading to area 7. In a large niche
in the north wall of room 8 is a three-level, waist-high platform, lowest
at the west end.
All of the walls of room 8 have been burned brick-red by a fierce con-
flagration which had destroyed the room. The red debris of this fire covered
the whole of the northwest quadrant of Op. A2, and at first led us to ex-
pect a major burned level over a much wider area (in places the burned
deposit was over 1.50 metres deep). Not so. The burning was confined al-
most entirely to room 8 and was associated with some special activity con-
ducted there, or with some special material stored there. The fire was cer-
tainly a disaster, but was contained and localized. Eventually a detailed
analysis of the small finds of this complex of rooms may give some ex-
planation of the special use to which it was put. As a start for speculation,
one is tempted to see it as some kind of shop.
It is not hard to visualize a fat merchant sitting on the platform of
area 7 under a cloth or canvas shade selling his wares to the public passing
along "Avenue Road". His stock of goods is perhaps stored in room 8, or
his assistant is there manufacturing whatever is being sold out front. Be-
hind is an open courtyard where goods could be received and, in clement
weather, also stored. Room 13 might be nothing more than a corridor of
some kind leading to a complex of rooms now lost down the north face
of the Citadel mound which perhaps was our merchant's private living
quarters.
The separate entrance from the alleyway of area 14 into room 24 sug-
gests that rooms 24, 25 and 26 form a distinct establishment. Room 24
has a complex hearth in the northwest corner. It leads to room 26, which
is here much smaller than it was in Level III:4B. Room 26 has a bench
against the west wall, a bench projecting into the room from the east wall,
and north of the latter feature a very complex series of hearths, some
raised and some at floor level. Room 25 was difficult to define thanks to
later erosion, and we have no idea whether it was really part of the same
building as rooms 24 and 26.
Areas 17 and 19 do not seem to make a great deal of sense. Room
17 might be a very small shop or store room. Area 18 cannot be anything
other than a wide gap between two walls constructed at different times.
Area 19 was an afterthought carved out of a once larger area 14 by
the construction of the little curtain wall which defines it on the north side.
Room 22 and 23 define another house. Entrance was gained to the
complex from room (area?) 20 to the south. Room 21 could belong to
this complex or to another house to the south beyond the area excavated.
Room 22 had patches of stone pavement on the floor, two holes in the
floor perhaps for holding pots, and a hearth against the south wall. At
some point in the life of the structure the doorway between rooms 22 and
23 was blocked, making access to the latter possible only from the roof
or the second floor.
25
The floor of room 23 was carefully paved with stone, and a line of
stones against the west wall may have originally been a foundation for a
mud plaster bench which was destroyed before excavation. On the pave-
ment of this room, crushed flat by the heavy rubble debris which filled the
room to a height of almost 2 metres, was the skeleton of a man perfectly
preserved except that the whole of his right leg and half of his pelvis were
missing. (PL XIX). No fragments of the missing bones were found in the
debris. A crushed body, the rubble nature of the debris, the heights to
which the walls in this area were preserved and the quantities of complete
but smashed pottery vessels found all suggest that some kind of violent
destruction was involved in the final abandonment of Level III:4A. It
could have been another earthquake similar to the one postulated as having
destroyed Level III: 2 A,21 and such an explanation might also provide us
with a cause for the violent fire in, and the abandonment of, room 8.
Rooms 29 and 30 form another house, with the entrance again to the
south. Area 31 may be nothing more than a space between walls or it may
be a small room of another structure. A large pit (Master Section, Fig. 18,
Ops. C2 and B2, st. 11H) sunk from later levels destroyed much in this
area. A rather elaborate two-stepped mud brick bench or platform ran
along part of the east wall of room 30. At the south end of the platform
was a raised mud brick counter-like structure in which were two rather
deep holes of uncertain function. A good deal of the east wall of the room
had been either intentionally cut or accidentally worn away, creating a
curved niche at the back of the platform. To the north, just in front of
the doorway into room 29, a small curtain wall projected westward into
the room and defined the south side of a hearth. At some point while this
platform and hearth were still in use the doorway between rooms 30 and
29 was blocked with mud bricks. In room 29 two hearths were built along
the east wall against the blocking. An irregular low bench ran along the
south wall, against which was another hearth. Along the west wall was a
raised platform or counter at the south end of which was a large rectangu-
lar bin (PL XX). Once again we seem to have evidence for activites more
elaborate and complex than what we might expect to be associated with
a simple domestic structure.
Room 32 was part of a structure most of which lay to the south and
west beyond the excavated area. No direct communication existed at this
level between rooms 30, 32 and 33. Against the north wall of room 32
was a very elaborate hearth and low platform which had undergone several
rebuildings and alterations in shape during the lifetime of Level 111:4 (PL
XXI). Patches of stone pavement were found in the northeast corner of
the room. Room 33 was part of a complex the remainder of which lay to
the west outside our sounding. Once again the number of hearths suggest
some unusual function. There was an elaborate hearth in the northeast
corner, a large open hearth area against the east wall, a small hearth in
the southeast corner which had eaten deeply into the walling, a large
hearth area against the south wall which had also done much damage to
the wall, and a still larger hearth area against the south wall along the balk.
A small patch of stone pavement lay just east of that hearth. Large
26
amounts of ash and burned earth were in the deposit filling the room and
resting on the floors.
Any detailed discussion now of rooms 27, 28 and 34 would be pre-
mature. Suffice it to say that the structural and stratigraphic history of this
area is very complex. The unusually thick walls are the results of: 1) an
unwillingness on the part of the builders to ever use a party wall, and 2)
several rebuildings, each of which resulted in a widening and strengthen-
ing of the original structure. One might even wonder whether successive
builders were specifically planning for protection against earthquakes. The
wall between rooms 28 and 34 is particularly interesting in this regard.
There are actually three separate walls involved. All had stone founda-
tions. The western and centre walls were built first and were at least in
part contemporary. There was a gap between them which was tightly
packed with small river cobbles. The walls and packing were preserved to
a height of just under 2 metres. An explanation for the stones is that they
provided a good drainage channel for water running off the roofs of the
two structures and prevented erosion of the wall faces. Late in the life of
the structures involved, the easternmost wall was built against the centre
wall creating a still more massive block of walling and sharply reducing
the size of room 28. The wall between rooms 33 and 34 was also a double,
non-party wall.
In sum, Level III:4A is architecturally rather unusual and, in several
respects, often something more than a collection of simple peasant village
houses. The only general pattern to the architectural layout that strikes
one immediately is a preference for two-room buildings with the rooms one
behind the other: e.g. rooms 8 and 9, 22 and 23, 30 and 29. The pattern
is not invariable, however, since it would seem that room 5 represents a
single structural unit.
Level 111:5: Altogether at least five separate building phases of Level 111:5
have been defined. Only one of these, the second from the bottom, Level
III:5D, is discussed here (Fig. 20). In Level IIL5D we are sufficiently re-
moved in time from Level IIL4A that there is little obvious relationship
between this level and the one just discussed in detail. Were we in a posi-
tion, however, to present the whole sequence of rebuildings in Level 111:5
and the earliest configuration of Level 111:4 (IIL4B), a direct architec-
tural development from the one to the other would be apparent. The one
major feature that does link Level III : 5D to Level IIL4A is "Avenue
Road" cutting across the southeast corner of the Deep Sounding. This is
area 1 on the IIL5D plan. Throughout Level 111:5 and in Level 111:4
there were houses or a house which fronted on this street.
At the west end of the sounding in Ops. CI and C2 we have in Level
IIL5D a complex of rooms that seems to belong to a very large structure,
most of which is farther to the west beyond the area excavated. Area 24
could have been a courtyard; the deposit was enigmatic on this point.
Rooms 25 and 26 were small rooms of uncertain function. In the north-
east corner of area 24, along its east wall, was a bench-like structure with
two distinct units divided by a small partition. There was some evidence
27
of burning in the area, but not enough to suggest that the bench had actu-
ally been used as a raised hearth. The north wall of this complex was
actually two walls built against each other making a single wall of sufficient
width to suggest that it might have originally had a defensive function.
Part of this wall continued east and formed the northern limits of area
23, which could also have been unroofed. Only small patches of good
floor surface were found, and a large mass of semi-articulated brick work
and debris, typical of the kind of material that accumulates in open occu-
pied areas, was found in the center of the space. A bench ran along part
of the north wall, around the northeast corner and along the east wall. A
small mud brick bin was built against the face of the east wall, and farther
south along the same wall was another bench. Room 22 may have be-
longed to the same structure. The history of the several rebuildings in this
area, particularly those associated with the north-south wall separating
areas 23 and 24, suggests that despite the common north wall these two
areas were parts of separate structural complexes.
In somewhat modified form the massive north wall of areas 24 and 23
continued into the eastern half of the Deep Sounding. North of that wall
in Ops. Bl, BOl, Al and AOl sufficient evidence of wall stubs and par-
tial rooms was recovered to indicate that there was once a complex of
structures in this area. Thus if this north wall had ever performed a de-
fensive function it could have done so only in Op. C2 and further to the
east.
It is tempting to see most of the rooms in the east half of the sounding
as part of a single building complex. Areas 21 and 7 were almost certainly
both open to the air, the former perhaps being little more than an open
square at the west end of "Avenue Road',' the latter the courtyard of a
house. Room 12 can be interpreted best as an entrance hall leading from
the street into the inner courtyard. Rooms 8, 9, 10, 11, 13 and 14 would
be living rooms. Room 8 is of particular interest for what was found in
it: a total of nine pottery vessels smashed or whole on and in the floor
and two large quern fragments on the floor (PI. XXII). Room 15, with
its hearth, and rooms 16 and 20 all open off of the same courtyard. Room
20 has a stone paved floor and a bench against the south wall. We do not
know how access was gained to room 19, or, indeed, whether any such
space was large enough to have functioned as a proper room. Both rooms
6 and 17 could have been part of this same complex (they were in an-
other building phase). Rooms 2, 3, 4 and 5 were, on the other hand, al-
most certainly parts of another structural complex which lay to the east
beyond the area excavated.
Looking to the future, our evidence indicates that: 1) there is at least
one lower phase of Level 111:5, III:5E, which remains to be completely
cleared; 2) there is at least one further building level below that in Period
III which may prove to be Level III:5F, but could be Level 111:6; and 3)
in the southern third of the Deep Sounding there may be yet a third level
of Period III date, for a small test pit in Op. A2 showed that the Period
III deposit was much deeper there than at the north edge of the Deep
Sounding.
28
POTTERY AND SMALL FINDS
The typology for the Period III pottery presented in our earlier report is
still valid and nothing need be added here. We have continued to keep
complete sherd counts on all pottery found in Ops. Al, A2, AA1 and
AA2, but have been forced to count only diagnostic sherds from other
operations. The statistics from these counts are still being assembled and
manipulated, and arc not available for publication at this time. We are
also as yet unable to offer any firm, publishable suggestions for how the
Period III ceramic sequence might profitably be sub-divided typologically.
Suffice it to remark now that: 1) such sub-divisions certainly are emerging
from our records and analysis; 2) we have yet to be able to duplicate the
typological sequence worked out for Tepe Giyan, though there is some
evidence from Godin III to suggest that vessels painted in the Giyan II
style appear only in the upper strata of the Period III deposit;22 3)
painted Coarse Ware and red-slipped varieties of both Coarse and Common
Ware are strikingly less common in the earlier strata of Period III; and
4) in the lowest strata of Period III thus excavated a painted ware appears
which is noticeably different from that found in the upper levels, and
which cannot easily be paralleled in the ceramics from Tepe Giyan: e.g.
Fig. 29, Nos. 5 and 6. This pottery is, however, both stylistically and
technically related to the later Godin III painted wares.
A selection of the numerous small finds from Period III is presented
in Figures 33 to 36.
Period II
STRATIFICATION
Very little new information has come to hand about the stratigraphic rela-
tionship of Periods II and III, since in 1969 and 1971 in most of our
work on the Period II structure we never went below the Period II deposit.
In the excavation of Level III:2A in Ops. B3 and C3, which involved dig-
ging through the floor of the large columned hall, we were able to confirm
that the cutting made in Period II times to create a large level surface for
the columned hall had, in fact, completely destroyed the remains of Level
III: 1 in this area and indeed had somewhat disturbed the Level III:2A
deposit. Thus once again the actual stratigraphic articulation of Period II
and III was destroyed by the Period II builders.
We have confirmed that there are two distinct stratigraphic phases to
the central section of the Period II building; we suspected this to be the
case at the time of our last report.23 We know now, however, that the
entire building had a fairly complicated history and was not planned, laid
out and built as a whole. Since the evidence for that history is as much
architectural as it is stratigraphic, it is discussed below along with the
architectural description.
29
In terms of the actual placement of the building, the evidence is now
conclusive that the Period II settlers were faced with the problem of put-
ting their structure on a mound which already conformed to the shape of
Godin Tepe as we found it prior to excavation. That is to say, the Upper
Citadel was formed in Period III times and is not only the result of the
debris and collapse of the Period II fortified manor house. On both the
east-west and the north-south axis the Period II builders were forced to
cut away Period III deposits in order to create level surfaces on which to
build (Figs. 38 and 39). It is also now stratigraphically clear that the
principal period of erosion along the north face of the Citadel Mound oc-
curred between the Period III and Period II occupations. The Period II
fortification, therefore, was specifically set so as to stand at the steep edge
of a high mound which already stood 20 or more metres above the river
bed.
ARCHITECTURE
Dealing with the west end of the fortified manor house first, we have dis-
covered that the west wall of the large columned hall was once the west
wall of the entire structure and that there was a tower (tower 13) at the
northwest corner of the building entered by a doorway leading off of the
columned hall (Fig. 37 and PL XXII). The north fortification wall be-
tween towers 5 and 13 has two constructional phases, as suggested in our
earlier report. In its original configuration it was of regular width and un-
doubtedly had regularly spaced recesses and buttresses along its face. Later,
perhaps at the same time that the small columned hall was constructed to
the west, the wall was widened by an irregular width of brick facing which
masked the original junction of tower 13 and the wall, and blocked two
of the arrow slots and one of the recesses in the east wall of tower 13.
The line of the original fortification wall is the dotted line shown in Fig. 37.
Also at the later date the smaller columned hall was added west of the
large hall. This columned hall has not been completely cleared of debris,
since the deposit is deep and apparently sterile. Enough of the floor has
been exposed, however, to reveal two unshaped stone column bases and
to permit the reconstruction of a plan of two rows of four columns. The
room had plastered mud brick benches on at least three sides. The break
in the bench against the east wall is unexplained. Tower 1 5 was discovered
at the northwest corner of the building. It was entered from the columned
hall. The north and west faces of this tower, and the west face of the west
wall of the small columned hall, were very poorly preserved. Excavation
was possible only with brushes. The relationship of this wall to the lower
Period III deposit was such as to make it certain that the Period II build-
ing never extended farther to the west. The east face of tower 15 shows
buttresses, recesses and arrow slots of the expected type, and we may as-
sume a similar configuration for its north and west faces and probably for
the west face of the west wall of the small columned hall. Similar buttresses
and recesses once extended along the west face of the west wall of the large
columned hall when it was the outside wall of the building. The filling in
of those recesses apparently also involved some other alterations to that
30
wall which perhaps in part explain how the odd column base in the north-
west corner of the large columned hall excavated in 1967 came to be cov-
ered over with the brick-work of this wall.24 The southern limits of the
small columned hall, like those of the larger hall to the cast, are eroded
away and even careful brush work has failed to reveal structural remains
that can be articulated into a meaningful plan.
Turning east from the large columned hall we come first to area 7, 8,
6 and 3. The several features in this area, some of which were described
in our last report, may very possibly not be part of the original Period II
structure. There is some evidence to suggest that this large rectangular
area was originally another columned room. Only excavations in 1973 in
the centre of this area, as yet untouched, can provide the data needed to
support this suggestion. In the meantime, it is probably better to leave
open the possibility that the features of this area are chronologically re-
lated to the "squatter's occupation" of the fortified manor house discussed
in greater detail below. In any case, in its main outline this rectangular area
was part of the original Period II construction and is contemporary with
the large columned hall (Fig. 40, Stage 1 ), The east wall of this area ori-
ginally had buttresses, recesses and arrow slots, some of which were filled
in with laid brick when additions to the structure were made to the east.
The south wall also had buttresses and recesses, and, we may assume, ar-
row slots, though the wall was not preserved to a height sufficient for us
to be certain on the latter point. The north wall between towers 4 and 5
was originally published without recesses and buttresses, and we tended to
associate the one recess that is shown on the earlier published plan with
an Islamic burial that had cut into the wall at that point.25 The wall was
destroyed in 1967 in the opening of the Deep Sounding. When later exca-
vations proved that it was the standard pattern for all outside walls of the
Period II fortification to have buttresses, recesses and arrow slots, we were
able to return to the original field notes which dealt with the section of
wall between towers 4 and 5 and find evidence of problems and anomalies
which indicated that we had chopped through the buttresses in the original
excavation. On this "textual" evidence we have felt it permissable to re-
construct the wall as shown in the new plan.
The large columned hall and the rectangular area fronted by towers
4 and 5 was the original Period II construction. The first addition to the
east onto this core building was the north bank of magazines, rooms 19 to
24 and 26 (Fig. 40, Stage 2). It was our discovery in 1967 of a small
segment of this addition which led us to postulate an earlier phase of the
Period II structure.20 We now know, of course, that in fact it was a later
phase. The main north fortification wall between towers 4 and 17 was
built on a slightly different alignment than the segment between towers 4
and 5. Again we have regular buttresses, recesses and arrow slots (PI.
XXIV). Tower 17, the inner room of which remains unexcavated, was
built on a slightly curving socle, and, as had towers 4 and 5, showed clear
evidence of collapse and rebuilding (PI. XXV). The stone packing around
the front or north edge of the tower appears to be secondary, and the re-
building is on a different alignment from the original walls of the tower
31
(PI. XXVI). At the time this wing was added to the building, strong
fortification was still very much a requirement of the builders. There is
stratigraphic and structural evidence from along the north face of this sec-
tion of walling which suggests, however, that the military aspects of our
building became less and less important.
In time occupational trash and architectural debris accumulated against
the north face of the fortification wall. Eventually the entire socle was
covered and the debris reached part way up the actual wall, blocking the
lower sections of the arrow slots. In due time the wall was replastered.
The accumulated deposit was not cleared away from the base of the wall,
and the new plaster was simply spread over such face of the wall as was
exposed. A second stage of accumulation then began. By the time a second
coating of plaster was applied, the debris had in places accumulated to
the point where several of the arrow slots were blocked for over half
their length. Yet again the debris was not cleared away, and the plaster
was applied to such wall face as was still exposed (PI. XXVIII). Surely if
the ruler in residence had still been seriously concerned with matters of
defence, he would have taken the time and energy to have the debris
cleared away from in front of the wall and the fortification restored to its
original state of military effectiveness.
Rooms 19 to 24 of this addition, all reached from the long corridor,
room 26, may not have been part of the original construction. One should
note that all internal walls are unbonded and that several of the walls
separating the rooms are built so that they block arrow slots. On the other
hand, the arrow slots may have been simply built one to each recess and
buttress regardless of what was planned for the inside of the building, on
the theory that even an unusuable arrow slot looks threatening to an at-
tacking enemy.
These six rooms are magazines or large store rooms. There is some evi-
dence that originally they were not closed at the corridor end. The small
curtain wall across the south end of room 19 is perhaps a secondary addi-
tion, and room 23 and 24 may yet prove to have had no south walls at all.
In the case of room 21 the small doorway which gave access from the cor-
ridor was preserved to above its lintel (PI. XXVIII). The lintel was made
from two large rectangular bricks simply propped against each other to
form a pointed arch. The doorway itself was worn smooth on both sides
and on the threshold from people (or animals) brushing against it as they
passed to and fro, and was impractically small. A normal sized man had
to stoop and almost double himself up to pass through, and then could do
so only by putting one leg through the doorway sideways as though going
through a window. This suggests that the function of these rooms was such
that it was not necessary for people to pass in and out of them with any
ease or regularity.
The rooms themselves have so far proved sterile of any materials asso-
ciated with the actual occupation of the building; rooms 23 and 24 have
yet to be emptied to floor level. Normally one would expect to find large
pithoi in such store rooms. Given the absence of any such vessels and the
unusual size of the doorways, it is tempting to wonder if we do not here
32
have something more like grain storage bins than a regular magazine. The
doorways to some of the rooms give the impression of entrances to coal
bins or silos. Perhaps grain was stored here with the whole room actually
acting as the container. Equally possible, items which were not needed
very often and which were all taken away at the time the building was
peacefully abandoned, (e.g, weapons) could also have been stored here.
Buttresses, recesses and arrow slots are found on the outer faces of
both the east and south walls of this wing, indicating once again that for a
while at least these were outside walls. In due time a second bank of six
magazines or store rooms was added to the south (Fig. 40, Stage 3; PL
XXIX). Room 27 must have actually functioned primarily as a corridor
or hallway connecting the north bank of magazines with the central wing
of the structure and with tower 34. Rooms 28 to 32 were store rooms.
Room 28 had, however, been used in part as some kind of habitation
room. A small curtain wall projected from its east wall giving a little pro-
tection to a hearth area on the floor, and a complete vessel and fragments
of other vessels were found in the immediate area of the hearth. Tower 34
had a straight wall on the west side and a curving wall to the south and
east. Once again we know that the south and west walls of this complex
of rooms were outside fortification walls, for they had buttresses, recesses
and arrow slots (assumed for the west wall since it was preserved only to
a height which would have been below the base of any arrow slots). There
may have originally been a tower at the southeast corner of this addition.
Evidence for such, however, was thoroughly destroyed when the very mas-
sive fortification tower enclosing rooms 36 and 37 was added at a later
date. This is much the most impressive of all the towers on the building,
for its south wall is 4 metres thick (PL XXX). This suggests that the
tower was unusually high, perhaps projecting well above the highest part
of the building and functioning as a watch tower.
By this time our building had developed in a rather pragmatic way,
growing along the curving steep north edge of the Upper Citadel mound.
Apparently it now seemed logical to fill in the centre section between the
south bank of magazines and the large columned hall (Fig. 4, Stage 4).
Right angles and straight walls were, however, out of the question given
the existing structure. This, combined with the fact that the walls in this
area are very poorly preserved and that the whole was much chopped up
by a later "squatter occupation", has meant that this wing is not as intelli-
gible as one would like and may not become so even when excavations
are completed. The following features are reasonably clear at this time
(Figs. 42 and 37). Room 39 was a long corridor linking the south bank
of magazines with this south central wing and, ultimately, with the north
central wing as well. Room 43 was a ramp which sloped up gently to the
north to a landing which led into area 44. Another means of access to the
same area was up a flight of stairs in area 42 (PL XXXI). The whole of
area 44 was probably a large landing of some kind from which one could
go north into area 3 or on up a further flight of stairs to the second storey
of the building. All of the structures in area 44 and the walling east of the
stairs and west of room 43 were set on a massive stone foundation. This
33
would seem to be the foundation for a complicated stair system to the
second floor. No other obvious function explains satisfactorily the massive-
ness of the whole construction.27 In area 46 we have some evidence for
three and perhaps four mud brick column bases and what appears to be
an elaborate Period II hearth against one wall. Rooms 41 and 40 were also
part of the south central wing of the main Period II structure. The wall
defining the southern limits of this south-central wing was also part of the
Phase 4 building. It is interesting, in the light of the clear evidence in the
debris and plastering of the north fortification suggesting an eventual de-
cline in the military function of the building, to observe that this south wall
has no recesses or buttresses and, in width and construction style, is much
the weakest outside wall of the structure.
The remaining features planned in this area are all related to Stage 5
of the building, the "squatter occupation" (Figs. 41, 42 and 37). At some
point fairly soon after the fortified manor house had been abandoned by
the resident "khan", parts of the structure were taken over, modified, and
used for purposes which one suspects were more mundane. Changes made
in the ground plan included: 1) blocking the doorway between corridor
39 and room 27; 2) blocking the west end of corridor 39; 3) blocking the
ramp in area 43 at top and bottom and eventually filling it in solidly with
brick and rubble; 4) blocking the stairway in area 42; 5) blocking the
doorway between the north and south central wings; 6) constructing small
curtain walls in the doorway of room 40; 7) changing one of the recesses
in the east wall of room 40 into what appears to be a manger (one sus-
pects that in the "squatter occupation" room 40 was used for an animal
pen); 8) building some rather strange and flimsy stone walls in area 45
(PI. XXXII); 9) putting a hearth in the northwest corner of area 44 (PL
XXXIII); and 10) actually digging out the centre of the original west
wall of room 45 to make two tiny little rooms, in one of which there was
some evidence for a hearth. As noted above, the flimsy walls in areas 3,
6, 7 and 8 may yet prove also to be part of the "squatter occupation".
Clearly not "squatter" additions are the two segments of walling at the
extreme east end of the building, which are not yet completely excavated.
At some point in the structure's history the north fortification wall was
extended still farther to the east, and room 33 was added. Chronologically,
given the way in which its walls mask buttresses and arrow slots, it would
appear that room 33 was added after the south bank of magazines had
been in use for a time. Area 25 must at one time have been closed in, but
we have yet to locate any north-south wall to the east. Further excavations
will be conducted in this area in 1973 as well as in the unexcavated seg-
ment to the west of area 46.
Thus, in summary, the structural and stratigraphic history of the Per-
iod II fortified manor house is as follows. First the large columned hall
and the rectangular area to the east were constructed. Second to be built
was the north bank of magazines. Then came the south bank of magazines.
A fourth stage was the south-centre wing. The fifth stage was the "squatter
occupation". The additions of the small columned hall, the wall between
areas 18 and 25, room 33 and the large tower defining rooms 36 and 37
34
cannot be correlated with these major stages in the growth of the structure
except that we can say that room 33 and the massive south-eastern watch
tower were added after the south bank of magazines had been in use for
a while.
Certain more general and perhaps more speculative conclusions can be
deduced from these architectural and stratigraphic facts. First, there is
good evidence to suggest that the building was used for some little time
before it was peacefully abandoned and turned over to the squatters. Its
complex history and the considerable accumulation of trash against the
fortification wall between towers 4 and 1 7 support this contention. Second,
over time the owner of the building, who was probably a local "khan" or
prince of some stature, grew in both political power and wealth. He seemed
to find it necessary to increase significantly his storage space on at least
two occasions, as well as to add the small columned hall to the public part
of his palace. Third, Stages 1 to 3 of the construction and the addition of
the small columned hall, the south-east corner watch tower and room 33
all are events which took place in a period when defence and military con-
siderations were of importance. In time, however, those considerations ei-
ther became less important or perhaps faded entirely, the existing fortifica-
tions were allowed to fall into disrepair from a military point of view, and
construction Stage 4 was built with little concern for problems of defence.
In all areas on the Citadel mound save one, our excavations have
shown Period III remains immediately below the present surface of the
site. In Op. AA9, however, we did uncover some very fragmentary and
flimsy wall remains that appear to date to Period II. These are the only
architectural elements dated to Period II off the Upper Citadel mound.
The deposit was quite shallow and at times it was difficult to distinguish
with certainty between Period II and Period III walls. Some parts of the
stone wall foundations and probably all of the mud brick walls are Period
II. At best we can say that in Period II there were in this area some struc-
tural features which could have been either a simple house (s) or animal
pens. We have, of course, no way of knowing whether these structures are
contemporary with the main occupation of the fortified manor house or
with the "squatter occupation".
POTTERY AND SMALL FINDS
The fortified manor house of Period II was swept clean before it was aban-
doned and very few small finds or complete pottery vessels have been re-
covered. The great mass of the sherds in the period II debris are, of course,
of Period III date since they come from the decayed Period II bricks
which were made of earth dug from earlier levels. Several large deposits
of Period II pottery in prime context, taken together with material care-
fully isolated on floors, have nevertheless permitted us to develop what is
probably a fairly characteristic assemblage of Period II pottery.28 The
great bulk of this material must date to the latest phase of the building's
occupation, and materials from the areas disturbed by the "squatters"
must be taken as dating from their occupation. Thus, despite the fact that
we are able to reconstruct the fairly complicated architectural history for
35
the building, we shall probably remain unable to document that history in
ceramics.
It must be assumed that the pottery recovered represents a terminus
ante quern when it comes to dating the primary occupation of this building.
The description of ware and varieties given for Period II pottery in our
earlier report is still valid and essentially unchanged. Our analysis of shape
types, however, has progressed considerably, though no attempt is made
here to present a full range of the shapes known. The pottery illustrated in
Figs. 44 to 49 represents an unsystematic selection of shape types illus-
trative of the three major shape categories recovered: jars, pots and bowls.
In general the assemblage can be characterized as having a great many dif-
ferent shapes, with varieties of bowls most common. We do not think our
individual shape types are particularly subtle — at least we like to consider
ourselves "lumpers" rather than "splitters" and we have found our classi-
fication easy to teach quickly to students — yet we have isolated well over
a hundred different bowl shapes alone. Pots and jars appear to be found
in far fewer varieties, but still there are a good many individual shapes.
In making comparisons with other assemblages known to be generally in
the same time range — e.g., segments of the Nush-i Jan and Baba Jan
assemblages29 — it is at once clear that, while Godin II yields at least some
examples of almost every ceramic shape in those collections they in turn
lack literally scores of the shapes that are well known at Godin in Period
II. Such observations may have chronological significance, but we are more
inclined for the moment to think that they represent functional differences
amongst the three sites.
Small finds (Fig. 50) include: a fragment of a limestone bowl, iron
points, an iron sickle blade, a bone arrow (?) head, bone spatulas, a
bronze or copper fibula, and the fragments of a bone hair comb which
was most likely worn for decoration rather than actually used to comb the
hair.
36
Conclusions
As in 1969, it is still much too early to attempt any broad conclusions re-
garding the results of the excavations at Godin Tepe and Seh Gabi. Fur-
ther excavations will be in progress while this manuscript is in press and
the bulk of the analysis of the materials is still to be completed.
It may, however, be useful to review the programme for continued
excavation described in the conclusion to our earlier report to see first,
what we have accomplished since 1969, second, what we then hoped to do
but still have before us, and third, what new tasks have suggested them-
selves as new materials have come to hand.
We have yet to find a site in the Kangavar area which falls in the
Sarab or Tepe Guran time range and which might yield materials related
on the one hand with Ganj Dareh Tepe and, on the other, with the earliest
assemblages yet recovered by the Godin Project. Frankly, we have yet to
look for such a site in a systematic way, and such a search, perhaps fol-
lowed by excavation, is a major task for the future.
We have, however, gone far with the excavations at Seh Gabi toward
our stated goal of a better understanding of Godin Periods VI and VII.
No doubt it is in part a blessing in disguise that these same excavations
have shown us how much was missing in the Godin Tepe sequence from
the late Neolithic period in the Kangavar area.
Substantial areas of both Periods IV and V should be cleared in the
1973 excavations, bringing to an end our work in the area of the Deep
Sounding.
Our stated goal of recovering a good architectural and stratigraphic
sequence of Period III material over a sizable horizontal area has been
essentially met through the excavations to date in the Deep Sounding. The
substantial results from our work on Period III provide a focal point for
a cultural analysis of the many bits and pieces of evidence available on
second millennium central western Iran.
Finally in terms of aims stated earlier, the 1973 field season should see
the complete recovery of all the extant remains at Godin dating to Period
II.
What important new problems and questions have come to light since
our last report? First, we have a long way to go before we sort out all
of the crucial chronological issues and problems in cultural history raised
by our first season of excavations at Seh Gabi. A better understanding of
these materials will not only clarify the archaeology of central western Iran
in the late Neolithic, but will also permit us to link this area in this time
range with regions of Iran to the east and north. Second, we should under-
take more work in the cemetery area on the southern Outer Town flat at
Godin. We need to know more about burial patterns in Period III and, as
something of a bonus, might recover more material from the still very enig-
matic Iron Age I and II periods. Third and finally, it is now clear that a
complete re-survey of this part of the Zagros is necessary. The results of
the Godin Project have shown how crude the data on ceramic types used
37
in previous surveys of the region was; with the better chronological con-
trols made possible by the excavations at Godin and Seh Gabi we will be
able to recover settlement patterns for this area in much finer historical
units. With such a survey complete, we should have a pretty good idea
of where to go and dig next for a maximum return of historical informa-
tion.
38
Appendix A
The Seh Gabi Chipped Stone: Preliminary Observations
The sample of chipped stone recovered at Seh Gabi consists of almost 1000
pieces. Of these, about 20 small flakes and blade segments are of obsidian
(colours range from almost clear to black, and include a green specimen).
Sources of the obsidian may be suggested by the analysis currently in pro-
gress. In addition to obsidian, the excavations produced cobbles and angu-
lar fragments of a white quartzitic stone; a few smaller pieces of this mate-
rial may have been worked. The bulk of the chipped stone recovered at
Seh Gabi is of flint or chert; the heterogeneity of colors and textures sug-
gests the use of river cobbles washed down from many sources in the
Zagros. Many of the flakes, which comprise a large proportion of the total
sample, are of a dark reddish-brown flint which was almost never used in
the manufacture of blades.
Very few cores were found at Seh Gabi. The flint blades, which com-
prise almost one-third of the collection, are varied in colour, texture, and
size. There are very few complete blades; however, at least some fragmen-
tary blades were not discarded immediately. A few blade segments have
sheen on one of the broken ends, and a few are retouched along one or
both of the broken edges. Retouch, found on almost all of the blades
recovered, is usually limited to the ventral surface. Most blades are heavily
retouched on one edge and much more lightly retouched on the other. Usu-
ally the more steeply worked edge has more sheen than the other; some-
times it is the only edge on which sheen is visible. This may indicate that
the edge with the less steep angle was hafted. Sheen is visible on between
one-third and one-half of the blades, and occurs on both ventral and dor-
sal surfaces. The vast majority of blades has retouch or use along both
edges; very few blades were worked in any other way. In view of the fore-
going, and lacking metal, bone, or wooden sickles, it is assumed that at
least some of the Seh Gabi blades were used as sickles.
The remainder of the chipped stone sample consists of small flakes,
some of them worked and the majority unworked. The worked flakes in-
clude a few notched pieces, some drill or perforator-like pieces, rare points
(by which term no functional connotation is implied), a few scrapers, and
several outils ecailles,?,{> which may have been used as punches. One or
more edge of many irregularly shaped flakes possess tiny nicks which may
be the result of brief and casual use.
The Seh Gabi assemblage includes very few artifacts which might be
termed microliths. There are four microblades (but no cores), one of them
very steeply backed. There are also a few small geometric pieces, some of
which may be re-used blade fragments.
The small size of the Seh Gabi chipped stone sample and the relatively
large number of provenances, as well as the long time represented by the
sample, preclude the denfiition of any clear horizontal or temporal varia-
tion until more detailed analysis is conducted. Study of the stratigraphic
contexts and horizontal distributions of the chipped stone artifacts should
39
suggest possible interpretations of their functions. Such interpretations may
be modified or further supported by the analysis, currently being carried
out by Lynn Ceci and Carol Hamlin, of an additional sample to be col-
lected during the 1973 excavation. A detailed description of the chipped
stone assemblage will be included in the final publication of Seh Gabi.
Appendix B
The Seh Gabi Osteological Material: Preliminary Observations
Osteological evidence for the existence of the following species at Seh Gabi
has been established:
Hemiechinus sp., probably auritus Long-earned Hedgehog
This is certainly a species of Hemiechinus, probably auritus. Based on
present species distributions, this appears to be the only species in
western and southwestern Iran.
Lepus sp. Hare
This is a small species, and the fact that the specimen itself is from
an immature animal makes species identification difficult.
Cricetulus sp. Gray Hamster
Possibly this genus is present. If this is in fact the case, the gray ham-
ster C.migratorius is the probable species, being commonly found in
the north and west of Iran today. This specimen may be intrusive.
Microtus sp. Vole
Apodemus sylvaticus Field Mouse (Wood Mouse)
Mus musculus House Mouse
Rattus rattus House Rat
Canis lupus Wolf
Canis aureus (probably) Jackal
Vulpes vulpes Red Fox
Canis familiaris Dog
This species appears to be present, based on the analysis of two man-
dible fragments and a number of teeth (especially lower M4).
Mustela nivalis Weasel
Vormela or Martes sp. Polecat or Martin
Meles meles Badger
Cervus elaphus Red Deer, Stag
Capra hi reus Persian Goat
40
Ovis orientalis Sheep
Bos sp. Wild (?) Ox
Sus scrofa Wild (?) Hog
Equus sp. ?
Also found were: one humerus representing Testudo sp. (a species of
land tortoise); one mandible fragment (about 9-10 mm) representing a
species of lizard; a large number of shell fragments representing Unio sp.,
a riverine clam; and several shells representing Helix sp., a land snail.
Approximately half of the available material has been sorted, and two-
thirds of that material is washed, labelled and identified.
Capra and Ovis remains made up 60% of the studied bones; Cervus,
15% ; Bos, 5% ; Sus, 5% ; Rodentia, 6% ; Carnivora, 7% ; and other bones
(including Testudo, Helix and Unio remains), 2%.
The large proportion of Ovis and Capra bones might seem to indicate
a degree of cultural control (that is, domestication), but a decision on this
matter must wait for a closer osteological investigation of the material.
Over half the specimens of Ovis and Capra were subadult or young adult
specimens. There were several very young (neonate) specimens and a few
old, arthritic specimens. The question of domestication of Bos and Sus
must wait further study. At present, there are too few specimens to permit
a decision.
Many of the carnivore species were also represented by very young
specimens, particularly Meles meles and Cams familiaris.
41
Footnotes
1. Young, 1969a.
2. The preparation of this report has been very much a joint effort. In the main,
however, Levine wrote the section on Seh Gabi, Young the section on Godin
Tepe.
3. Young, 1966.
4. A small sounding between mounds A and E was excavated with the objective of
testing this proposition. The results proved inconclusive.
5. Young, 1962a and b.
6. A ten metre grid oriented to magnetic north (May, 1971) was imposed over the
entire area of Seh Gabi. The north-south axis is designated by a letter, e.g. G,
the east- west axis by an Arabic numeral, e.g. 21.
7. The identification was made by Dr. F. J. Wicks of the Dept. of Mineralogy,
rom, to whom we tender our thanks.
8. One component of the assemblage, the painted pottery, is known from the site
of Tepe Giyan (Contenau & Chirshman, 1935), where it is assigned to levels
Vc and Vd (McCowan, 1942:13). These levels at Giyan are arbitrarily deter-
mined, and we know little more about them than the drawings of some of the
painted pottery found. From the Seh Gabi excavations, it is abundantly clear
that the Giyan levels are mixed.
9. The stratigraphy of these upper levels was disturbed by numerous animal bur-
rows, and it was often impossible to form proper stratigraphic links between the
preserved areas.
10. Aside from Dalma Tepe and survey material, the only other site with an im-
portant collection of similar material is Tepe Siabid. Unfortunately, we have not
been able to consult this material as yet, but it must be taken into account be-'
fore we can draw anything approximating a full picture of our present under-
standing of the cultural dynamics involved in this period. After this manuscript
had gone to press, another Dalma period site was published. See R. L. and R. S.
Solecki, "Tepe Seavan, Azerbaijan," Bulletin of the Asia Institute of Pahlavi Uni-
versity, No. 3 (1973), 98-116.
11. Our thanks are due to Prof. R. H. Dyson, Jr., Curator of the Near East Section,
for permission to examine this material.
12. Young, 1969a: 3-6.
13. Young, 1969a: 4.
14. A sherd of this ware from Pd. VII at Godin is published in Young, 1969a, Fig.
6, 3.
15. Dyson, 1965 and 1968.
16. See Young, 1969a: 9 for a discussion of evidence on the stratigraphic and chrono-
logical relationship between Periods IV and III.
17. In many ways it would be preferable to describe the stratification and architec-
ture of the Deep Sounding from bottom to top. The reverse procedure is fol-
lowed here for one basic reason: until the excavations and the analysis of the
materials recovered is complete it is much easier and perhaps potentially even
less confusing to deal with the materials as they were excavated, i.e. from the
top or most recent level down.
18. Young, 1969a: 11-12.
19. After having coined the term "spiral stratigraphy" in the field we discovered we
were not the first to use it: see Haines, 1969: 1. Our thanks to Harvey Weiss
for bringing this reference to our attention.
20. Young, 1969a: 12-14.
21. Young, 1969a: 11.
22. For further discussion of the comparative chronology of the Period III pottery,
see Young, 1969b.
42
23. Young, 1969a: 23-24.
24. Young, 1969a: 29.
25. Young, 1969a: Fig. 36.
26. Young, 1969a: 25 and Fig. 38. The feature called a drain in Fig. 38 was, of
course, the outer end of the first arrow slot we found, but we did not then
know what we had found.
27. One other possible explanation for this mass of stones comes to mind, but can-
not be demonstrated, if at all, until the structure is dismantled. It is perhaps
reasonable to assume that in Stage 1 of the building there was a corner fortifica-
tion tower in this area. That tower would have been dismantled in the construc-
tion of Stage 4. The stone could be the remnants of the foundations for that
tower.
28. For example, a great mass of sherds was discovered at the extreme east end of
corridor 26 in a large deposit of occupational trash and probably human waste.
Since this was the blind end of the corridor it seems to have been used as a
dumping ground and also as a toilet. Perhaps the sherds were used as toilet
paper, a common enough practice in the Near East today. We wish to thank
Edward Keall for this suggested interpretation.
29. Stronach, 1969: Figs. 6 and 7. Goff, 1968: Fig. 10 Cf. particularly our Fig. 45,
No. 20 with Goff, 1968: Fig. 10, No. 15. We wish to thank both David Stron-
ach and Claire Goff for permitting us to examine in a preliminary fashion their
pottery, for taking the time to go through our materials, and for many hours of
pleasant discussion about the finer points of Iron Age III archaeology.
30. Brezillon, 1971: 288.
43
References
BREZILLON,
1971
CONTENEAU.
1935
DYSON, R. H
1965
1968
GOFF, C.
1968
MICHEL N.
La Denomination des Ob jets de Pierre tail lee, IVe supplement a
"Gallia Prehistoire", seconde edition. Editions du Centre National de
la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.
G. and R. GHIRSHMAN
Fouilles du Tepe-Giyan. Paris.
, JR.
"Problems in the Relative Chronology of Iran, 6000-2000 B.C.", pp.
215-256 in R. W. Ehrich, ed., Chronologies in Old World Archaeology,
Chicago.
"Annotations and Corrections of the Relative Chronology of Iran,
1968," ,47,4, 72: 308-313.
"Luristan in the first half of the first millennium B.C.
134.
6: 105-
HAINES, R. C.
1969
Excavations in the plain of Antioch II. The structural remains of the
later phases. Oriental Institute Publications, XCV. Chicago.
MCCOWAN
1942
STRONACH, D
1969
D. E.
The Comparative Stratigraphy of Early Iran, SAOC, 23, Chicago.
"Excavations at Tepe Nush-i Jan, 1967," Iran, 7: 1-20.
YOUNG, T. C. JR.
1962a "Taking the History of the Hasanlu Area back another five thousand
years: Sixth and Fifth millennium settlement in the Solduz valley,
Persia," 1LN, 241 (6431): 707-709.
1962b "Dalma Painted Wares," Expedition, 5 (2): 38-39.
1966 "Survey in Western Iran, 1961," JNES, 25 (4) : 228-239.
1969a Excavation at Godin Tepe: First Progress Report. Royal Ontario
Museum, Art and Archaeology, Occasional Paper 17. Toronto.
1969b "The chronology of the late third and second millennia in central west-
ern Iran as seen from Godin Tepe," AJA, 73 (3): 287-291.
44
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54
Figures
1 Central and North Western Iran.
56
2 Contour map of Seh Gahi and environs.
57
ivNOiiiSNvai ►{- vwiva
3 Seh Gabi. South Section, G20 and G21
58
4 Seh Gabi. Mound B. Level Al, architecture.
59
p
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5 Seh Gabi. Mound B, Level A2, architecture.
60
6 Seh Gabi. Mound B, Level B. architecture.
61
+
o>
CO
<
(/)
UJ O
Q S
2 a
7 Seh Gabi, Mound B, Level C, architecture.
62
8 Seh Gabi. Mound B. Level C. detail of wall N.
63
Figure 9 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Locus
Description
1
Mound B,
surface
2
G21,Lot6
3
G19,Lot71
4
G21,Lot25
5
G22, Lot 1 3
6
Mound B,
surface
7
G20, Lot 67
8
G21,Lot6
9
G21,Lot6
10
G21,Lot24
11
G21,Lot62
12
G21,Lot55
13
G22, Lot 18
14
G22, Lot 16
15
G22, Lot 10
16
H19, Lot 20
17
H19, Lot 27
18
G22, Lot 19
19
G22, Lot 18
Double slipped. White. Black.
Unslipped. Orange buff. Reddish brown.
Double slipped. White. Reddish brown.
Double slipped. White. Purple.
Double slipped. White. Purple. Overtired to vitrification.
Double slipped. White. Black.
Double slipped. White. Reddish purple.
Unslipped. Orange buff. Red.
Double slipped. White. Reddish brown.
SG71-79. Tehran.
SG7 1-200. Tehran.
Double slipped. White with red wash. Purple.
Double slipped. White. Reddish brown. Mica.
Unslipped. Orange buff. Red.
Double slipped. White. Red and purple.
Double slipped. White. Red and black.
Double slipped. White. Red and black.
Double slipped. White. Red and purplish-brown.
Double slipped. White. Red and purplish-brown.
64
*
9
l<
15
10
i%
16
/)'
l\
6
8
11
17
18
9 Seh Gabi, Dalma painted wares.
0 5
1 I I I I I
\ !
19
65
Figure 10 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Locus Description
G22, Lot 14 Outside double slipped, red over cream. Inside single
slipped. Red. Smoothed.
G22, Lot 14 Outside single slipped, cream. Inside and rim double
slipped, red over cream. Inside smoothed. Manipulation
done with blunt ended instrument from above. Impressions
up to 4.5 mm. deep.
G22, Lot 14 Single slipped. Red. Incisions shallow. 2 mm. Fairly
uniform depth. Smoothed.
G22, Lot 15 Double slipped. Pink over cream. Inside rough, as if reeds
packed up against wall while clay was soft. Matte.
Red to orange light slip. Smoothed.
Red slip. Matte.
Red slip. Outside smoothed.
Red slip. Entire surface below rim rough and pitted. Blunt
instrument used to destroy surface. Depth of impressions
vary widely. Matte.
Red slip. Colour varies from red to tan. Impressions made
with rounded instrument. Depth varies greatly. Smoothed.
Pink slip. Impressions made with fingernail. Matte.
Outside red slipped. Inside double slipped, red over cream.
Surface heavily pitted with blunt instrument. Inside matte.
Double slipped. Red over cream. Matte.
Cream slipped. Matte.
5
6
7
8
G22, Lot 14
G22, Lot 15
G22, Lot 15
G22, Lot 14
9
G22, Lot 14
10
11
G22, Lot 17
G22, Lot 14
12
13
G22, Lot 17
G22, Lot 26
66
8
0 5 10
MINI |c.
10 Seh Gahi. Dalma plain and surface manipulated wares.
67
Figure 11 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Locus
Description
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
G20,Lot23
G19, Lot 6
G18, Lot 12
Mound B,
surface
H19, Lot 10
HI 9, surface
H19,Lot6
G19, Lot 103
G20, Lot 62
G19, Lot 103
G18, Lot 2
G19, Lot 99
G18, Lot 5
Mound B,
surface
G20, Lot 8
H19,Lot 10
G 19, Lot 107
G19, Lot 97
G19, Lot 98
G19, Lot 97
Mound B,
surface
G19, Lot 103
G19, Lot 4
G21,Lot 14
G20, Lot 35
G20, Lot 35
G20, Lot 35
G18, Lot 3
H19, Lot 34
G19, surface
G18, Lot 16
G20, Lot 14
Greenish. Black. Matte. Hand made.
Buff. Black. Matte. Wheel made.
Buff. Brown to Black. Matte. Wheel made.
Buff. Black. Matte. Hand made.
Buff. Brown. Matte. Wheel made.
Tannish red. Black. Matte. Wheel made.
Buff. Black. Matte. Wheel made.
Buff slip. Red brown. Matte. Wheel made.
Buff. Black. Smoothed. Wheel made.
Greenish. Black. Smoothed. Wheel made.
Buff. Black. Smoothed. Wheel made.
Buff. Black. Matte. Wheel made.
Greenish. Black. Matte. Wheel made.
Buff. Black. Matte. Wheel made.
Buff. Brown. Matte. Wheel made.
Buff. Black. Matte. Wheel made.
Greenish. Black. Matte. Wheel made. Painted line on
inside of rim.
Buff. Black. Smoothed. Wheel made.
Buff. Black. Smoothed. Wheel made.
Buff. Black. Smoothed. Wheel made.
Buff. Black. Smoothed. Wheel made.
Greenish. Black. Matte. Wheel made. Traces of paint
on inside.
Buff. Black. Matte. Hand made.
Buff. Black. Matte. Wheel made.
Buff. Black. Matte. Wheel made.
Buff. Black. Smoothed. Wheel made.
Buff. Reddish brown. Matte. Wheel made.
Buff. Reddish brown. Smoothed. Wheel made.
Buff. Black. Smoothed. Wheel made.
Buff. Brown. Matte. Wheel made. Painted line on
inside rim.
Greenish. Black. Smoothed. Wheel made.
Buff. Black. Smoothed. Wheel made.
All Seh Gabi painted ware
68
6
0
(3
24
0 5 10
1 I I I I I |cm
32
l l Seh Gabi, Seh Gabi painted wares.
69
Figure 12 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Field No.
Locus
Present Location
1
SG 71-162
Mound B, G20, Lot 26
2
SG 71-137
Mound B, G20, Lot 18
3
SG 71-128
Mound B, G20, Lot 10
4
SG71-11
Mound B, G20, Lot 2
5
SG 71-127
Mound B, G20, Lot 21
6
SG71-115
Mound B, HI 9, Lot 13
7
SG 71-53
Mound B, H19, Lot 2
8
SG 71-130
Mound B, G20, Lot 21
9
SG71-138
Mound B, H19, Lot 22
10
SG 71-77
Mound B, G20, Lot 17
11
SG71-135
Mound B, H19, Lot 16
12
SG 71-201
Mound B, G18, Lot 30
13
SG 71-176
Mound B,F 17, Lot 17
N.A.
Tehran
N.A.
N.A.
Tehran
Tehran
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Tehran
Tehran
Tehran
Tehran
70
12 Seh Gabi. Sch Gabl plain wares.
71
Figure 13 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Locus Description
1
F46, Lot 9
2
F46, Lot 9
3
F46, Lot 9
4
P43,Lotl9
5
F46, Lot 9
6
P43, Lot 19
7
F46, Lot 9
8
F46, Lot 8-9
9
F46, Lot 8
10
F46, Lot 15
11
F46, Lot 2
12
F46, Lot 8
13
F46, Lot 20
14
Y50, Lot 4a
15
F46, Lot 8
16
F46, Lot 8-9
17
Y50, Lot 4
18
K38, Lot 4
Buff slipped coarse ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Buff slipped coarse ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Buff slipped coarse ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Buff slipped coarse ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Buff slipped coarse ware. Buff. Smoothed.
SG 71-2. N.A.
Red slipped coarse ware. Reddish Buff. Smoothed.
Buff slipped coarse ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain buff coarse ware. Orange buff. Outside smoke
blackened. Matte.
Plain buff coarse ware. Buff. Interior smoke-blackened.
Smoothed.
SG 71-224. N.A.
Plain buff coarse ware. Buff. Exterior smoke-blackened.
Matte.
Plain buff coarse ware. Buff. Matte.
Common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain buff coarse ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Red slipped coarse ware. Red. Burnished.
Common ware. Buff. Interior buff slipped. Smoothed.
Common ware. Buff slipped. Burnished.
72
13 Seh Gahi. Godin VII and VI plain wares.
73
Figure 14 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Locus
Description
1
Y50, Lot 7
2
Y50, Lot 6
3
Mound F,
surface
4
Y50, Lot 4a
5
Mound F,
surface
6
Y50, Lot 3a
7
Y50, Lot 5
8
Y50, Lot 6
9
Y50, Lot 4a
10
Y50, Lot 2a
11
Y50, Lot la
12
Y50,Lot 22
13
Y50, Lot 6
14
Mound F,
surface
15
F46, Lot 4
16
Y50, Lot 5
17
Y50, Lot 7
18
Y50, Lot 5
19
Y50, Lot 32
20
Y50, Lot 6
White slipped. Brown.
White slipped. Black.
Unslipped. Buff. Brown.
Unslipped. White. Black.
Unslipped. Buff. Black.
White slipped. Brown.
Unslipped. Buff. Brown.
White slipped. Brown.
Unslipped. White. Brown.
Pinkish slipped. Brown.
Unslipped. Buff. Red. #
Unslipped. Buff. Black!
Unslipped. White. Black.
White slipped. Brown.
White slipped. Brown.
White slipped. Brown.
Unslipped. White. Black.
White slipped. Brown.
Unslipped. White. Black.
Unslipped. Buff. Brown.
All Pd. VI painted fine ware.
All wheel made and smoothed.
74
_,
D
\
x v^^
6
19
0 5
'
10
Jem
20
14 Seh Gabi, Godin VI painted wares.
75
Figure 15 — Catalogue
Fig. No.
Field No.
Locus
Present Location
1
SG 71-36
Mound B, G20, Lot 13
N.A.
2
SG 71-65
Mound B, surface
N.A.
3
SG 71-196
Mound E, F46, Lot 16
N.A.
4
SG 71-143
Mound B,G 18, Lot 6
N.A.
5
SG 71-13
Mound B,G20, Lot 4
N.A.
6
SG 71-41
Mound A, K38, Lot 8
N.A.
7
SG 71-28
Mound B, F17, Lot 19
Tehran
8
SG 71-177
Mound E, F46, Lot 6
N.A.
9
SG 71-152
Mound B, G20, Lot 2
N.A.
10
SG 71-207
Mound B,G21, Lot 65
Tehran
11
SG 71-244
Mound B, G20, Lot 67-68
Tehran
12
SG 71-165
Mound B, G21,Lot43
Tehran
13
SG 71-192
Mound E, F46, Lot 7
Tehran
14
SG71-19
Mound B, G19, Lot 1
Tehran
15
SG 71-166
Mound B,G21,Lot47
N.A.
16
SG 71-24
Mound B, F17, Lot 7
N.A.
17
SG 71-51
Mound B, H19, Lot 3
Tehran
18
SG 71-96
Mound B, G18, Lot 5
Tehran
19
SG 71-107
Mound B,G19, Lot 47
N.A.
20
SG 71-42
Mound B, G20, Lot 17
N.A.
21
SG 71-215
Mound B, G22, Lot 18
N.A.
22
SG 71-169
Mound B, G21, Lot 39
Tehran
23
SG 71-205
Mound B,G18, Lot 31
Tehran
24
SG 71-132
Mound B, G18, surface
Tehran
25
SG 71-25
Mound B, F17, Lot 7
N.A.
76
15 Seh Gabi, small finds.
77
Figure 16 — Catalogue
Fig. No.
Field No.
Locus
Present Location
lb
SG 71-229
F46, Bl, Lot 10, covering la
N.A.
la
SG 71-230
F46, Bl,Lot 10
N.A.
2
SG 71-234
G18, Bl,Lot36
N.A.
3
SG 71-180
G20, B5, Lot 60
Tehran
4b
SG 71-227
F46, B2, Lot 20, covering 4a
Tehran
4a
SG 71-228
F46, B2, Lot 20
Tehran
78
1b
1a
0 10
1 I I I I I
20
I cm
16 Seh Gabi. burials.
79
7 Contour map of Godin Tepe. Shaded areas indicate extent of excavations as of
the end of the 1971 field season.
80
Godin, South Section. Operations AA2. A2. B2 and C2: the Master Sectic
the Deep Sounding.
83
Figure 19 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Locus Description
la A01,Lot24 Gd. 71-313. N.A.
2a A01, Lot 24 Gd. 71-312. Tehran.
3a AOl, Lot 24 Gd. 71-311. Tehran.
4a AOl, Lot 24 Gd. 71-310. N.A.
1 AOl, Lot 24 Common Ware. Black. Burnished.
2 BOl, Lot 86 Grey-black Coarse Ware. Grey. Smoothed.
3 AOl, Lot 28 Common Ware. Black. Burnished.
4 AOl, Lot 30 Common Ware. Grey Smoothed.
5 BOl, Lot 42 Grey-black Coarse Ware. Grey-brown. Smoothed.
6 BOl, Lot 36 Gd. 71-350. Discarded.
84
0 5
1 I I I I I
10
Jem
19 Godin, Period IV pottery and small finds.
20 Godin, Level III:5D structures.
86
21 Godin, Level ITI:4A structures.
87
22 Godin, Level TTI:2C structures.
88
23 Godin. Level III:2A structures.
89
90
GODIN TEPE 1969
period n
0 1 2 3 4 5
d)
24 Godin. Period Til structures. Operations AA9 and AAIO.
Figure 25 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Field No.
Locus
Present Location
1
Gd. 69-438
B3,st. 4, Bur. 3
2
Gd. 69-222
C2, st. 5, Area 6
3
Gd. 69-443
B3,st. 4, Bur. 3
4
Gd. 69-703
AAl,st. 14, Area 10
5
Gd. 69-260
AA2, st. 13, Area 15
6
Gd. 69-629
Period II fill
7
Gd. 71-7
B2, Lot 130
8
Gd. 69-45
AA2, st. 10, Area 12
9
Gd. 69-704
Bl, Lot 89
10
Gd. 69-675
R, Bur. 2
11
Gd. 69-339
C2, st. 5, Area 5
12
Gd. 69-767
B3, st. 4, Bur. 2
13
Gd. 69-599
C2, Lot 53
14
Gd. 69-740
Al,Lot99
15
Gd. 69-760
Bl, wall cache
16
Gd. 69-463
C3, Bur. 1
17
Gd. 69-731
Al, Lot 61
18
Gd. 69-730
AA1. st. 14, Area 10
Discarded
Tehran
N.A.
N.A.
Tehran
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Tehran
Discarded
N.A.
Discarded
Tehran
N.A.
Discarded
Discarded
92
0 5
1 I I I I I
10
_Jcm
25 Godin, Period ITT pottery.
93
Figure 26 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Field No. Locus Present Location
Discarded
Tehran
N.A.
Discarded
N.A.
N.A.
Tehran
N.A.
Tehran
1
Gd. 69-227
AA2, st. 11, Area 12
2
Gd. 69-598
C2, Lot 53
3
Gd. 69-673
R, Bur. 2
4
Gd. 69-739
Al, Lot 101
5
Gd. 69-248
AAl,st. 11, Area 4
6
Gd. 69-316
B3,st. 3, Area 4
7
Gd. 69-753
C2, st. 8B, Area 104
8
Gd. 69-460
A2, st. 8, Area 23
9
Gd. 69-732
B2, st. 12, Area 6
94
26 Godin, Period III pottery.
0 5
1 I I I I I
10
_|cm
95
Figure 27 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Field No. Locus Present Location
Discarded
N.A.
Discarded
Tehran
N.A.
Discarded
1
Gd. 69-559
B3, Lot 7, Area 4
2
Gd. 69-657
AA2, st. 14, Area 22
3
Gd. 69-669
R, Bur. 1
4
Gd. 69-548
Al,Lot 80, Area 14
5
Gd. 69-658
B2, st. 12, Area 6
6
Gd. 69-319
AA2, st. 8C, Area 6
96
0
MM
20
Jem
27 Godin, Period III pottery.
97
Figure 28 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Locus Description
1 DD3, Lot 8, ?
Area 1
2 BB1, st. 2-3 Coarse Reddish brown surface. Smoke-blackened.
Smoothed.
3 A2, st. 3, Reddish smoke-blackened coarse.
Area 3
4 AA3, Lot 10, Coarse-red-brown surface. Smoothed. Wheel made,
st. 2-3, Area 4
5 AA10, st. 2-3, Coarse-red-brown surface. Smoke-blackened.
Area 4
6 BB3, Lot 37, Smoke-blackened. Well fired. Buff slip,
st. 3b, Area 1
7 AA3, Lot 10, Buff Brown. Well fired. Wheel made,
st. 2-3, Area 4
8 BB1, Lot 37, Well fired. Light red.
st. 3b
9 EE1, Lot 2, Buff brown. Well finished. Wheel made,
st. 2, Area 2
10 AA3, Lot 8, Brown red. Smoke blackened,
st. 2, Area 2
11 BB2, st. 3b Common Buff-pink. Smoothed. Wheel made.
12 AA3, Lot 10, ?
st. 2-3, Area 4
13 Number Common plain buff. Wheel made,
missing
14 Number Coarse grey. Smoke-blackened surface. Wheel made,
missing
15 AA3, Lot 10, Coarse Buff-reddish Brown surface. Smoke-blackened,
st. 2-3, Area 4 Wheel made.
98
0 5 10
I'lIM |cm
28 Godin, Period III painted pottery.
99
Figure 29 - — Catalogue
Fig. No. Field No. Locus Present Location
Tehran
Tehran
Tehran
Tehran
Tehran
Tehran
N.A.
Tehran
1
Gd. 71-274
Al, Lot 248
2
Gd. 71-219
AM, Lot 78
3
Gd. 71-92
AA, Lot 244
4
Gd. 71-206
Al, Lot 269
5
Gd. 71-30
Bl.Lot 107
6
Gd. 71-348
Al, 157
7
Gd. 71-51
Bl, st. 15E, Area 15
8
Gd. 69-745
CI, Lot 26
00
5~3
mn
29 Godin, Period III painted pottery.
10
Figure 30 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Field No. Locus Present Location
Tehran
N.A.
N.A.
Tehran
N.A.
Tehran
Tehran
Tehran
Tehran
N.A.
Tehran
Tehran
N.A.
Tehran
1
Gd. 69-678
R. Bur. 2
2
Gd. 69-679
R. Bur. 2
3
Gd. 71-69
Bl,Lot 159
4
Gd. 69-199
AA1, III:2A fill
5
Gd. 69-464
C3, Bur. 1
6
Gd. 69-762
Al, 111:4
7
Gd. 71-199
Al, Lot 192
8
Gd. 71-307
AA, Lot 296
9
Gd. 71-57
AA. Lot 244
10
Gd. 69-752
C2, st. 3
11
Gd. 71-118
Bl.Lot 182
12
Gd. 71-110
AA, Lot 269
13
Gd. 71-352
Al, Lot 236
14
Gd. 71-271
A2, Lot 302
102
>0 Godin, Period III painted pottery.
03
Figure 31 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Field No. Locus Present Location
Tehran
N.A.
N.A.
Tehran
Tehran
Tehran
Discarded
Tehran
Tehran
Tehran
1
Gd. 71-25
Bl, st. 15D, Area 8
2
Gd. 71-349
AA, Lot 282
3
Gd. 71-345
AA, Lot 244
4
Gd. 71-298
Bl, Lot 280
5
Gd. 69-707
Bl, Lot 89
6
Gd. 71-337
Al, Lot 400
7
Gd. 71-234
Al, Lot 324
8
Gd. 69-253
AA2, st. 11-12, Area 9
9
Gd. 71-108
AA, Lot 244
10
Gd. 69-628
C2, st. 7, Area 101
04
31 Godin, Period III painted pottery.
05
Figure 32 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Field No. Locus Present Location
Tehran
Tehran ?
N.A. ?
Tehran
1
Gd.
17-346
AA, Lot 245
2
Gd.
69-668
R, Bur. 1
3
Gd.
69-662
R, Bur. 1
4
Gd.
71-200
Al, Lot 316
106
0 5
1 I I I I I
10
_lcm
32 Godin, Period III painted pottery.
07
Figure 33 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Field No. Locus Present Location
1
Gd. 69-10
C2, st. 3, Area 1A
Tehran
2
Gd. 69-7
C2, st. 5, Area 3
Tehran
3
Gd. 69-702
AA2/A2 balk, Lot 7, Area 21
Tehran
4
Gd. 69-58
C2, st. 5, Area 6
Tehran
5
Gd. 69-261
C2, st. 6, Area 2
N.A.
6
Gd. 69-720
Al,Lot 80
N.A.
108
33 Godin, Period III pottery and small finds.
1 09
Figure 34 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Field No. Locus Present Location
1
Gd. 69-331
AA9, Bur. 1
Tehran
2
Gd. 69-727
Al/Bl balk, III: 2 A floor
N.A.
3
Gd. 71-304
AOl, Lot 19
Tehran
4
Gd. 71-342
Period II fill
N.A.
5
Gd. 69-741
Al, Lot 102
Tehran
110
I
section
u
0 5
10
Icm
34 Godin. Period III small finds.
I l
Figure 35 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Field No. Locus Present Location
1 Gd. 69-310 C2, st. 6 N.A.
2 Gd. 67-104 M, loose in fill N.A.
3 Gd. 69-321 AM, st. 8C/D, Area 4 Tehran
4 Gd. 69-59 B2, st. 9B N.A.
5 Gd. 69-692 A2, st. 9A/B Tehran
6 Gd. 69-48 AA1, III:2A fill Tehran
7 Gd. 69-323 AA1, st. 8C/D, Area 4 N.A.
8 Gd. 69-322 AA 1 , st. 8C/ D, Area 4 Tehran
9 Gd. 69-603 A2, Lot 172 Tehran
10 Gd. 69-2 C2, st. 3, Area 1 Tehran
112
9
6
10
10
cm
35 Godin. Period III small find-
Figure 36 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Field No. Locus Present Location
Tehran
N.A.
N.A.
Tehran
N.A.
Tehran
1
Gd. 69-209
B2, Lot 80
2
Gd. 69-51
CCl,st. 2, Area 1
3
Gd. 69-218
B2, st. 8D
4
Gd. 69-233
AA1, st. 11, Area 4
5
Gd. 69-314
B3, st. 3
6
Gd. 69-469
Surface
14
6
I I
5
I I I
10
cm
36 Godin. Period III small finds.
H5
37 Godin, Period II structure: the fortified manor house.
116
GODIN TEPE
PERIOD II
E-W ARCHITECTURAL SECTION
TfTaa
l-^_
II
i
f
w
38 Godin. East-West Section across Period II structure.
117
GODIN TEPE
PERIOD II
N-S ARCHITECTURAL SECTION
10
39 Godin, North-South Section across Period II structure.
I 19
GODIN TEPE
PERIOD II
40 Godin, schematic plans of Stages 1, 2 and 3 in the history of the Period II
structure.
120
GODIN TEPE
PERIOD II
41 Godin, schematic plans of Stages 4 and 5 in the history of the Period II
structure.
12
GODIN TEPE
PERIOD II
ARCHITECTURAL DETAIL
10
am
^^f||pl
*it>
.449 */0D3
g Blocked Passages.
42 Godin, detail plan of stairway and ramp area, Period II structure.
22
GODIN TEPE 1969
PERIOD n
0 I 2
43 Godin, Period II structures, Operation AA9.
I 23
Figure 44 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Locus
Description
1
AA3, st. 2-3
Area 4
2
Al, st. 3,
Area 1
3
AA1, st. 2
4
BB2, st. 2-3
5
AAl,st. 3
6
BB3, st. 3B,
Area 1
7
BBl,st. 3C,
Area 2
8
B2, st 2-4
9
DD3, Lot 6
10
BBl,st. 2-3
11
CC3, st. 3A,
Area 5
12
DD2, st. 3,
Area 1
13
AA9, st. 2
14
AAl,Pit 1
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Red-slipped common ware. Red. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
24
44 Godin, Period II pottery.
125
Figure 45 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Locus
Description
1
AA3, st. 2-3,
Area 9
2
CC2, st. 2
3
DD3, st. 2,
Area 2
4
BB2, st. 3a
5
DD3, st. 2,
Area 2
6
DD3, st. 2,
Area 2
7
BBl,st. 3,
Area 4
8
BB3, st. 3B,
Area 4
9
DD3, st. 2,
Area 1
10
AA3, st. 2-3,
Area 4
11
AA3, st. 2-3,
Area 4
12
BB2, st. 3A
13
CC2, st. 2-3
14
CC2, st. 2-3
15
CC2, st. 2
16
Al,st. 3,
Area 21
17
DD3, Lot 6
18
DD3, st. 2,
Area 2
19
AA3, st. 2,
Area 4
20
DD3, st. 2,
Area 2
21
BB2. st. 2-3
22
BB2, st. 3A
23
DD3, st. 2.
Area 2
24
DD2, st. 3.
Area 1
25
AA3, st. 2-3.
Area 5
26
DD3, st. 2.
Area 2
27
Surface
28
EEl.st. 3
29
BB2. st. 3A
30
Number
missing
31
DD3. st. 2.
Area 2
Plain-buff fine ware. Dark buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Dark buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Polished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Red-slipped fine ware. Red. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Polished.
Grey fine ware. Black. Polished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Pink-buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Pink-buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Polished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Polished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Gd. 69-334. N.A.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Polished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Red-slipped fine ware. Red. Smoothed.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
126
>
19
0
I I I
5
I I I
10
Jrm
w
I
27
V
28
I
i ;
29
\.
L J
31
45 Godin, Period IT pottery.
127
Figure 46 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Locus
Description
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
128
BB3, st. 3,
Area 3
BB2, st. 3B
BB3, st. 2-3A,
Area 1A
DD3, Lot 8,
Area 1
A2, st. 4,
Area 1
DD3, Lot 8,
Area 1
CC2, st. 2-3,
Area 1
A, st. 1
CC2, st. 2
A A3, Lot 15
EE1, st. 3,
Area 2
Number
missing
BB3, st. 3B,
Area 4
CC2, st. 3,
Area 2
Al,st. 6,
Area 1
AA3, st. 2-3,
Area 4
CC1, st. 2
Number
missing
AA3, st. 2-3.
Area 5
DD3, st. 2,
Area 1
BB2, st. 2
AA3, st. 2-3,
Area 4
DD3, st. 2,
Area 2
Number
missing
BB2, st. 2-3
AA3, st. 3B,
Area 4
BB2, st. 2-3
BB2, st. 3B
AA2, st. 3,
Area 1
A2. st. 3,
Area 2
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Pink-buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff fine ware. Pink-buff. Burnished.
Brown fine ware. Light brown. Polished.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Horizontal burnish marks.
Brown fine ware. Light brown. Horizontal burnished marks.
Pla
Pla
Pla
Pla
Pla
Pla
Pla
Pla
Pla
Pia
Pla
Pla
Pla
Pla
Pla
Pla
Pla
n-buff common ware. Buff. Burnished.
n-buff fine ware. Orange-buff. Polished.
n-buff common ware. Buff. Horizontal burnish marks.
n-buff common ware. Cream-buff. Matte.
n-buff common ware. Brown. Horizontal burnish marks.
n-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
n-buff common ware. Brown-buff. Burnished.
n-buff common ware. Buff. Horizontal burnish marks.
n-buff common ware. Smoke blackened. Matte.
n-buff common ware. Cream-buff. Matte,
n-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
n-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
n-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
n-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed,
n-buff common ware. Brown-grey. Smoothed.
n-buff common ware. Buff. Horizontal burnish marks.
n-buff fine ware. Orange-buff. Burnished.
Red-slipped common ware. Light red. Smoothed.
Red-slipped common ware. Red. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Brown. Horizontal burnish marks.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
\"
16
\
%
I
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
T
X
\
\
0 5
1 I II I I
10
_lcm
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
7
7
46 Godin, Period II pottery.
129
Figure 47 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Locus
Description
1
B3, st. 3
2
BBl,st. 2-3
3
BB2, st. 2A
4
CC2, st. 3,
Area 2
5
CC2, st. 3,
Area 2
6
BB3, st. 3,
Area 3
7
BB2, st. 3A
8
A A3, st. 3
9
Number
missing
10
DD2. Lot 4,
Area 1
11
CC2, st. 2
12
CO, st. 2
13
DD, Lot 36
14
DD, Lot 36
15
Number
missing
16
BB2, st. 2-3
17
BB2, st. 3B
18
BB2, st. 3A
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Burnished.
Red-slipped common ware. Light red. Burnished.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Greenish-buff. Over fired and
badly blistered.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Matte.
Plain-buff fine ware. Reddish-buff. Polished.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff with smoke-blackening.
Matte.
Red-slipped fine ware. Red. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common fine ware. Reddish-buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Matte.
Plain-buff fine ware. Reddish-buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Cream-buff. Matte.
130
0 5
I I I I I I
10
Jcr
47 Godin. Period II pottery.
131
Figure 48 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Locus
Description
1
AA3, st. 3,
Area 4
2
CC2, st. 2-3,
Area 1
3
CC2, st. 3,
Area 2
4
AA2, st. 3
5
AA3, st. 2-3,
Area 4
6
AA3, st. 2-3,
Area 4
7
CC2, st. 3,
Area 2
8
BB1, st. 3
9
AA3, st. 2-3,
Area 4
10
BB2, st. 3B
11
BB2, st. 3B
12
CC2, st. 2
13
BB3, st. 3B,
Area 1
14
Al, st. 3,
Area 1
15
AAl,st. 2
16
BB2, st. 3A
17
Number
missing
18
DD2, st. 2
19
AA3, st. 2,
Area 2
20
DD3, Lot 36
21
Number
missing
22
BB2, st. 2-3
23
Number
missing
24
Number
missing
25
Number
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Tan. Smoke blackened.
Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Cream-buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Greenish-cream. Over-fired.
Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Tan. Brown-black. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Tan-buff. Brown-black.
Smoothed.
Plain-buff common. Reddish-buff. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Tan-buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Cream-buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Reddish-buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Pink-buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Cream buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Cream buff. Smoothed.
Grey fine ware. Grey-black. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Matte.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Horizontal burnish marks.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Red-slipped common ware. Light red. Burnished.
Plain-buff common ware. Tan-buff. Smoothed.
missing
132
0 5
10
Jem
48 Godin, Period II pottery.
133
Figure 49 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Locus Description
1 BB2, st. 2-3 Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed. Hole in lip.
2 Al, st. 3, Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Burnished.
Area 1
3 Al, st. 3, Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Area 1
4 AA1, st. 1 Plain-buff common ware. Tan-buff. Smoothed.
5 AA3, st. 2-3, Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Area 4
6 AA3, st. 2, Plain-buff common ware. Orange-buff. Burnished.
Area 2
7 BB1, st. 3B, Outside plain-buff common ware. Buff. Smoothed.
Area 2 Inside red-slipped. Reddish-buff. Smoothed.
8 AA3, st. 2-3, Plain-buff common ware. Pink-buff. Horizontal burnish
Area 4 marks.
9 B2, st. 3A Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Burnished.
10 Al, st. 3, Plain-buff common ware. Buff. Burnished.
Area 1
11 EE1, st. 3, Red-slipped common ware. Red. Smoothed.
Area 2
12 O, Lot 1 Plain-buff fine ware. Buff. Smoothed.
134
^0<
X
?
^
8
iS\
9
6
\
10
11
12
49 Godin. Period II pottery.
0 5
1 I I I I I
10
35
Figure 50 — Catalogue
Fig. No. Field No. Locus Present Location
Tehran
Tehran
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Tehran
N.A.
Tehran
Tehran
1
Gd.
69-196
BB2, st. 2, Area 4
2
Gd.
69-224
DD3, st. 2, Area 2
3
Gd.
69-462
CCl,st. 4, Area 3
4
Gd.
69-258
BB1/2 balk, Lot 1
5
Gd.
69-729
BB3, st. 3B, Area 4
6
Gd.
69-211
AA9/10, Lot 1
7
Gd.
69-217
BB2, st. 2, Area 3
8
Gd.
71-285
SE corner, Lot 2
9
Gd.
69-634
CC2, Area 3 floor
10
Gd.
69-264
BB2, st. 3B
136
1/
l\
l\
1
J-l
3t
| 4
•
7
I — I
0 5
I I I I I I
10
Jem
50 Godin. Period II small find!
137
KEY TO ARCHITECTURAL PLANS
I9KZ Threshold Stones
Blocked Door
Window
T
I25E Wa" Foundation Stones
Mud/Mud Brick Wall
Paving Stones
Other Stones
Bench
Hearth
I
o *
9 Pot
O Hole
£\*^ Later Pit
• Post Hole
_ Stone Steps
14 Room No.
CgMX Drain
— 480 Elevation (cm) Below Datum
51 Godin, Key to symbols, architectural plans.
Down
Grid Lines
KEY TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTIONS
IflTOfllTurf
\'" \\x| Very loose wash
Fju^FJ Loose wash
^=m^ Compact wash
Gravel
Loose wash & gravel
t^&vl Striated occupational trash
Bricky collapse
] Bricky collapse & brick bats
'.;', m
■fiM Sand
| Layered wash-mud, clay, etc.
Artificial pack
Hearth
Heavy burn
ffijffij Compact ash
tjV^Vl Loose ash
SjSj Striated ash
E3IZ3JJ Brick wall
Tauf wall
Stone
52 Godin, Key to symbols, archaeological sections.
138
Plates
Plate I: Seh Gabi, Mound B, about one month after the start of excavations. Look-
ing west.
41
Plate IT: Seh Gabi, Mounds A and E as viewed from Mound B at the start of
excavations.
142
3G£
v= *P* -
Plate III: Niche and quern in the main room, Level A, Mound B. Looking north.
PkJp*
Plate IV: Plastered feature west of wall D in H 19, Level A, Mound H.
43
Plate V: Eastern end of the main room, Level A, Mound B, showing the plastered
walls and the sling pellets on the floor.
■
\
Plate VT: Sling pellets and red deer antlers in the open area to the east of the
building, Level A, Mound B.
144
Plate VII: Level C, Mound B, general view. The curtain wall in the upper right
is wall N.
t
t' J ]£
- ' '
JjQJfrjjII
Plate VIII: Close up of the corrugated surface of wall N, mound B, Level C.
45
Plate IX: Mound B, G 20, Burial 5, covered.
^^m0
Plate X: Mound B, G 20, Burial 5, uncovered.
146
fcW ; ' i
'.;..
■
;•
:
Plate XI: The Godin Citadel mound viewed from the north at the close of 1971 field
season.
147
Plate XII: Close-up of the torso of Burial 1, Operation AA9 with arrow head im-
bedded in the spine.
148
Plate XIII: Level III:2C, entrance corridor, room 1, with stone threshold and mud
brick benches.
49
Plate XIV: Level IIT:2C, the hearth and bench structure in room 2 viewed from above.
150
Plate XV: Level III: 2 A, clay grain storage bins in room 24.
15
Plate XVI: Level III:4A, view southeast down "Avenue Road'
152
Plate XVII: Level III:4A; view north up the alleyway leading to room 5 and
courtyard 10.
Plate XVIII: Level IIL4A, view north across area 7. rooms H and 9, alleyway 15,
courtyard 10 and the alleyway cast of room X.
53
yL %s%t *
,J***i
tf* '-■
GODIN 69
B2 ST13
AREA 6 Bl
Plate XIX: Level III:4A, skeleton of the body crushed on the stone pavement in
room 23.
54
Plate XX: Level III:4A. rectangular bin on the mud brick counter in room 29.
155
::$»**.■■:*••
*~ * -*, •»."* :.
Plate XXI: Level III:4A, general view of room 32 showing the elaborate hearth
against the north wall.
156
Plate XXII: Level III:5D, view from the northeast toward the doorwav of room
Plate XXIII: Period II. east face of tower 13 cleared hack to the remaining fragment
of the original fortification wall running between towers 13 and 5.
57
V /
4 *
Plate XXIV: Period II, view of the fortification wa
river bed.
ind towers 4 and 17 from the
158
Plate XXV: Period II, west face of tower 17 showing curving socle.
159
r*. -
*I \
GODIN 69
DD 01
TOWER
■ W M "
Plate XXVI: Period II, buttress of west side of tower 17 showing reconstruction at
a slightly different alignment from the original structure.
60
;
- u • ■
.
.. . ' •
V
W:
*
*$
*>> ♦ - - .
'i^NBi
«^
->,
Plate XXVII: Period II, arrow slot in the north fortification wall. NB: two lines of
replastering indicating the depth to which debris had been allowed to accumulate
against the wall face.
161
Plate XXVIII: Period II, doorway into room 21 with lintel intact.
62
Plate XXIX: Period II, view of the south bank of magazines (Stage 3) from the
Citadel mound to the south.
163
Plate XXX: Period II, view looking northwest across the massive southeastern
watch tower, rooms 36 and 37.
64
a
Plate XXXI: Period II, stairway in area 43. All but a fragment of the stairway
(upper left) has been cleaned down to the original first plaster surface.
65
Plate XXXII: Period II, "squatter occupation," flimsy stone foundation of wall in
area 45.
66
Plate XXXIII: Period II. "squatter occupation," hearth in area 44.
167
7124
Iffc
mm
war
*, ' ■<
ISBN 0-88854-019-
library
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